1. Zoology
The big tsunami….southeast Asia (most recent)….actual picture taken…true survivors

2. Zoology
The Study of Animals

3. “Specializations” in Zoology
Physiology
Systematics
Entomology
Herpetology
Ichthyology
Mammalogy
Ornithology
Protozoology
Anatomy
Cytology
Ecology
Embryology
Genetics
Histology
Molecular Biology
Parasitology
*We will be doing more work in the computer lab to find what some of these specializations are all about.

4. Classification of Organisms Ch.7-Where we will Begin
Systematics:
The study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and of the evolutionary relationships among them. (AKA: Taxonomy)
Nomenclature:
The assignment of a distinctive name to each species.

5. Aristotle 384 BC – 322 BC Wrote History of Animals
Classified using hierarchy, "Ladder of Life"
Ordered according to complexity of structure and function so that higher organisms showed greater vitality and ability to move.

6. Carolus Linnaeus Father of Taxonomy 1707-1778
Carl Linnaeus, also known as Karl von Linné or Carolus Linnaeus
Father of Taxonomy
His system for naming, ranking, and classifying organisms is still in wide use today (with many changes).

7. A Taxonomic Hierarchy
Taxon: Any grouping of animals that shares a particular set of characteristics.
Von Linne recognized five taxonomic categories, today we recognize Seven…
Can you name any of the 7???

8. Taxonomic Categories (Broad  Specific)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Can you give an example of an animal classification from broad to specific?

9. Common Names Common names are a problem, Why?
Crawdad, crayfish, or crawfish???
What do you say?
Taxonomy transcends language and country.
Common names are not specific.

10. Assignment of a distinctive name to each species.
Nomenclature
Assignment of a distinctive name to each species.
Binomial Nomenclature (2 names)
Von Linne simplified naming:
One Latin name to indicate the genus, and one "shorthand" name for species
Two names make up the binomial ("two names") species name.

11. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
The binomial system of nomenclature is universal and clearly indicates the level of classification.
No two kinds of animals have the same binomial name.
Genus begins with a capital letter, species begins with a lowercase letter, and the entire scientific name is italicized or underlined because it is Latin or Latinized.
Ex. Canis familiaris or Canis familiaris

12. What is a Kingdom?
Kingdoms are a part of classification that distinguishes organisms according to cellular organization and mode of nutrition.
There are currently 6 kingdoms recognized:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia

13. Kingdom Protista – eukaryotic, unicellular or colonies of
Kingdom Protista – eukaryotic, unicellular or colonies of cells, some photosynthetic, some non-photosynthetic
We will spend a brief time looking at Kingdom Protista-a refresher from Biology
Will include because protists are “animal like”
Kingdom Animalia – eukaryotic, multicellular, ingestion, no cell walls
All of our time will be spent here! (Hence the course name: Zoology-study of animals )

14. Animal Systematics (Goal of animal systematics: to arrange animals into groups that reflect evolutionary relationships)
1. Molecular approach – using DNA or RNA
2. Evolutionary relationships – see page 100
Monophyletic Group – one ancestral species
Polyphyletic Group – can be traced to separate ancestors (insufficient knowledge)
3. Cladistics - see page 101 & 103
developing cladograms and phylogenetic trees

15. Patterns of Organization
The easiest patterns in organisms is in their body plan
Symmetry describes how parts of an animal are arranged around a point or an axis

16. Radial Symmetry
Any plane passing through the oral aboral axis divides the animal into mirror images (can be modified by arrangement of some structures in pairs, or other combinations around the central axis).

17. Bilateral Symmetry
Arrangement of body parts such that a single plane passing between the upper and lower surfaces and through the longitudinal axis divides the animal into right and left mirror images
Characteristic of active, crawling, swimming animals.
Cephalization: head
Ex. Crayfish
Because bilateral animals move primarily in one direction, one end of the animal is continually encountering the environment. Talk about cephalization:these developments result in the formation of a distinct head (called cephalization)

18. Examples of Bilateral Symmetry:

20. Asymmetry
Arrangement without a central axis or point.
Ex. Amoeba

21. Examples of symmetry:

22. Terms of Direction
See Page 105, Table 7.3

23. Example:
I found this picture online. I did the research and added labels and label lines.

24. FISH Dorsal fin Dorsal surface Caudal fin Eye Posterior Anterior
Pectoral fin
Mouth
Gill cover
Ventral surface
Anal fin
Ventral or pelvic fin

25. Please label with the following terms of directions
Anterior
Posterior
Ventral
Dorsal
Lateral line
Oral
Caudal
Cranial/Cephalic

26. Dorsal
Posterior
Anterior
Lateral Line
Caudal
Cranial/Cephalic
Oral
Ventral

27. Who Can Label this Guy?

28. Besides Symmetry, there are other levels of Organization in animals:
Unicellular (Cytoplasmic) Level
Diploblastic Organization
Triploblastic Organization
Green: Unicellular: Euglenas
Jellyfish: Diploblastic
Humans: Triplobastic

29. Unicellular (cytoplasmic)
A body where all the living functions are carried out within the confines of a single cell! (Not simple…think about it…..)
These functions must include: locomotion, food acquisition, digestion, water and ion regulation, sensory perception, and reproduction.
Examples: Protists
Colonies!: Cellular aggregates (colonies) consist of loose associations of cells that exhibit little interdependence, cooperation, or coordination of function. They coordinate on such a small scale that they cannot be considered tissues (group of similar cells acting together to perform a function). In spite of this absence of interdependence, these organisms show some division of labor…some cells may be specialized for reproductive, nutritive, and structural functions

30. Diploblastic (two) Cells are arranged into tissues (simple tissues)
Tissue-level organization
1. Ectoderm: outer body layer (epidermis)
2. Mesoglea: middle layer (may or may not contain cells)
3. Endoderm: inner body layer, the gut (gastrodermis)
Body parts are organized into layers derived from two embryonic layers: Ectoderm (gives rise to the epidermis or outer layer-skin) & Endoderm (gives rise to the gastrodermis, the tissue that lines the gut cavity). In between these two layers, there is a middle layer called mesoglea-it may or may not contain cells, when cells are present, is sometimes called mesenchyme.
The cells in each tissue layer are functionally independent (work alone)
Gastrodermis: digestive and muscular cells
Epidermis: epithelial and muscular cells

31. Diploblastic

32. Triploblastic (three)
Animals with tissues derived from three embryological layers.
Most have organ-system level of organization:
1. Ectoderm: outer body layer (epidermis)
2. Mesoderm: middle body layer (supportive, contractile, and blood cells)
3. Endoderm: inner body layer, the gut (gastrodermis)
Same as diploblastic organisms in that they have the ectoderm and endoderm, but now the in between layer is called the mesoderm and it actually gives rise to supportive, contractile, and blood cells. Tissues in triploblastic organisms are organized to from excretory, nervous, digestive, reproductive, ciruculatory, and other systems.
Usually have bilateral symmetry

33. Triploblastic Body Plans
Pseudocoelomate
Coelomate
Acoelomate
Triploblastic animals are organized into several subgroups based on the presence or absence of a body cavity, and for those that possess this body cavity, the kind of body cavity present.
A body cavity is a fluid filled space in which the internal organs can be suspended and separated from the body wall.

34. Advantages of Body Cavities:
Provide more room for organ development
Provide more surface area for diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes into and out of organs
Provide an area for storage
Often act as hydrostatic skeletons
Provide a vehicle for eliminating wastes/reproductive products from the body
Facilitate increased body size

35. Acoelomate
The mesoderm forms a solid mass of cells between the endoderm an ectoderm.
Acoelomate: without body cavity….just a mass of cells that are not specialized for a particular function

36. Pseudocoelomate
Has a false body cavity not entirely lined by a mesoderm
Pseudocoelomate: False body cavity
A body cavity that is not even entirely lined by mesoderm….no muscular or connective tissues are associated with the gut tract, no mesodermal sheet covers the inner surface of the body wall, and no membranes suspend organs in the body cavity.
So, the cavity is there, but it really is like a “false” or “fake” cavity because it isn’t even completely there to serve as functional!

37. Coelomate A true body cavity or coelom that is lined by mesoderm.
A thin peritoneum lines the inner body wall and is continuous with the serosa (lining of internal organs).
Coelomate: True body cavity
So, the body cavity is completely lined/surrounded by mesoderm. Also, this thin mesodermal sheet called the peritoneum lines the inner body wall and is continuous with the serosa which lines the outside of near organs.
This peritoneum and serosa suspend visceral structures in the body cavity-give support.

38. Further Classification…..
In this book, the bilaterally symmetrical animals are divided into two large groups:
Protostomia
Deuterostomia
Based on the observation that embryological events may be similar because of shared ancestry

39. Developmental Embryology
A. Protostomes:
Early cleavage of zygote
Fate of cells is determined early in embryonic development
Many protosomes have top-shaped larva (trochophore larva)

40. Trochophore larva - top-shaped larva

41. Animal Phyla that are Protostomes
Platyhelminthes - flatworms
Nematoda - roundworms
Mollusca – head-foot plan (like snail, clam, oyster, octopus, squid, nautilus)
Annelida – True coelom worms
Arthropoda – Jointed exoskeleton (insect, spider, crab, shrimp, centipede)

42. Developmental Embryology
Deuterostomes:
Radial cleavage results in cells directly over one another
Fate of cells is determined later on in development
Gut tract and coelom formation differs
Some produce a kidney-bean shaped larval stage (dipleurula)
But, there is no single kind of larval stage! (as there was with protosomes-trochophore)

43. Dipleurula - kidney-bean shaped larval

44. Animal Phyla that are Deuterostomes
Echinodermata – sea stars, urchins, sea cucumbers
Chordata – sea squirts, amphioxus, hagfishes, lampreys, sharks, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

45. If you discovered a new species….how would you classify it?
A Dichotomous Key is a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world, such as trees, wildflowers, mammals, reptiles, rocks, and fish. Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item. "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". Therefore, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.

46. Year 2525
Imagine it's the year A planet similar to Earth has recently been found in a newly identified solar system in another galaxy. We have sent a space probe with a molecular transport beam to this planet to beam back a variety of different living creatures. Scientists examine the structure of each of these creatures and realize that they need to create a classification scheme to help them compare the alien life forms to each other and discover how they might be related.
The lead scientist sends you illustrations of the organisms and asks you to help develop this classification system. Your role is to study the illustrations and come up with a possible classification scheme based on the information provided about each organism. You'll be asked to explain to the scientific team how and why you organized the creatures this way.

47. How can we tell these aliens apart?

48. We can classify the aliens by their characteristics.

49. Your Challenge Your group will be given 16 aliens to classify.
Choose one general characteristic to categorize your aliens into two large groups. Ex: has ‘abc’ and does not have ‘abc’.
Groups do not have to have the same number of aliens in each.
Record your info on the chart provided.

51. Decide as a Group
After you have completed your two groups, split each group into two new groups.
Choose one characteristic to separate the first group.
Choose one characteristic to separate the second group.
You should have 4 groups when completed.
Continue splitting each group until you can no longer split them into new categories anymore.

52. Oh NO! I forgot about these aliens! Where do they go?
Can you tell me where you would put them in your classification scheme? Start from the beginning of your chart.