1. Adaptation for Survival L4: Environmental Changes Learning Objectives: 1.Describe different methods to monitor the environment. 2.Explain how living and non-living environmental factors that may affect the distribution of organisms. 3.Compare different methods of monitoring pollution.

2. What factors might affect organisms? Non-living factors Temperature Amount of light Amount of water Amount of oxygen (water environments) Living factors New predators Pathogens (disease) New plants (food, shelter) New competitors

3. Environmental changes can cause changes in the distribution of organisms Distribution = how an species is spread out over an area, where they are located What kinds of factors would cause the distribution of living things to change?

4. Monitoring distribution Quadrats – equipment used to measure distribution of plant species. Quadrats are used to estimate the number of plants in an area.

5. Monitoring environmental changes Indicator species = a species which is sensitive to one particular environmental factor and can be used to monitor the environment Example: Indicator of air pollution Lichens are sensitive to air pollution. If many species of lichens are found, then the air is very clean. If very few types of lichens are found, then the air pollution has increased.

6. Example: Indicator of water pollution A huge number of species of invertebrates can be found living in water. Many are sensitive to pollution. The more species of invertebrates, the cleaner the water. The less species of invertebrates, the more polluted the water environment is.

7. Practice Exam Question: Lichens Describe the patterns in the data. Suggest what causes the patterns in the data. Distance from City Centre

8. Practice Exam Question: Water Pollution Analyse the data and make conclusions about water pollution.