1. Chapter 19
Air Pollution

2. Section 1 Types and Causes of Air Pollution
Human activities and __________________ events release pollutants into the air.
1. ____________________- released directly into the air in a harmful form
a. Examples of primary pollutants from ________________ events are volcanic
eruptions and forest fires
b. Examples of primary pollutants from ______________ activities are smoke
from industry and soot from trucks
2. _____________________________- are not released directly, but become harmful only after they interact with other substances in the Earth’s atmosphere; smog, or brown haze, near cities is one effect.
natural
Primary pollutants
natural
human
Secondary pollutants

3. temperature inversion
Photochemical smog
_____________________________ forms with the help of sunlight when nitrogen compounds and organic compounds react to form nitrogen dioxide, which reacts in sunlight to form ozone.
1. In some cities wind disperses pollutants so smog does not form, but in other cities such as Los Angeles, ________________ such as mountains prevent wind from dispersing pollutants, so smog forms readily.
2. A ____________________________ reduces the amount of air mixing in the atmosphere and can cause pollutants to accumulate near the surface.
Precipitation with a pH less than 5.6, the pH of natural rainwater, is called ________________________.
1. Acid rain damages surfaces and _____________________ in addition to harming plant and animal life.
2. Winds carry pollutants and cause the _______________________________ U.S. to have more acidic precipitation than other parts of the country.
landforms
temperature inversion
acid rain
structures
Northeastern

4. particulate matter coarse one-fourth Toxic air pollutants ozone layer
D. Suspended solid particles and liquid droplets in air are called ___________________
__________________
1. __________________ particles are about one-seventh the diameter of a
human hair.
2. Fine particles are about ___________________ the size of coarse particles.
__________________________- cause cancer or other serious human health problems; they also damage other organisms.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are compounds that destroy the ___________________
in the Earth’s atmosphere. CFCs are used in air conditioners, refrigerators, and
_______________ sprays.
1. The ozone layer is a portion of the Earth’s atmosphere about ___________ above
Earth’s surface.
matter
coarse
one-fourth
Toxic air pollutants
ozone layer
aerosol
20 km

5. Section 2 Effects of Air Pollution3
a. Ozone is a molecule made up of ____ oxygen atoms.
b . High altitude ozone helps organisms by _________________ some of the
Sun’s harmful rays.
c. A severe ozone _______________ appeared over Antarctica in the mid-
1980’s.
d. CFCs are no longer produced by industrialized nations, although the
effects will take a long time to disappear.
Section 2 Effects of Air Pollution
absorbing
depletion
health
Air pollution can have __________ effects depending on the age of the person, the concentration of pollutants, and the exposure time.
1. __________-term effects include stinging, watery eyes, scratchy sore throat, cough, pneumonia, and headache.
2. _______-term effects include brain damage, liver disease, kidney disease, lung cancer, and heart disease.
short
long

6. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation cataracts
3. Carbon monoxide, one compound in smog, affects the blood’s ability to
carry ___________; very high levels can be fatal.
4. Small particulate pollutants can damage ________, and toxic substances can
harm many body systems.
5. Acid rain’s _________ air can be inhaled and irritate sensitive lung tissue; over
time the heart can become stressed and weak.
6. ___________________________ from the Sun can cause skin cancer and
____________, a form of eye damage that makes the lens of the eye cloudy
Air pollution ___________ plants and animals.
1. _____________________- process in which pollutant levels increase through the food chain.
2. Acid rain in lakes and streams can _______ fish and damage plants.
3. Acid rain moving through __________ can strip away nutrients needed by vegetation.
oxygen
lungs
humid
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
cataracts
harms
Biomagnification
kill
soils

7. Section 3 Solutions to Air Pollution
respiratory
4. Smog irritates animal __________________ systems and weakens plants.
5. As the ozone layer thins, increased UV radiation harms organisms such as
________________________ and affects agricultural crops such as rice, the main
food source for more than half the world’s population.
In addition to being harmful to living organisms, air pollution damages buildings and
___________________.
Section 3 Solutions to Air Pollution
Since 1955, several laws have been passed to help reduce air pollution; they include the ____________________________ of 1955, the Clean Air Act of 1963, the Clean Air Act of 1970, and the ________________________ of 1990.
1. The air you breathe, called ______________________ cannot, by law, contain pollutants exceeding an ______________________.
2. Ambient air is ________________ for particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, lead, and ozone.
phytoplankton
structures
Air Pollution Control Act
Clean Air Act
Ambient air
air quality standard
sampled

8. emissions Individuals improved rural biomagnification
3. If pollutants exceed air quality standards, _____________, pollutants released into
the air, must be reduced by using devices to capture pollutants created or by
limiting the amount produced.
__________________ can help reduce air pollution by reducing electricity use, setting the
furnace lower and air conditioner higher, and using public transportation or car pooling.
C. While air quality in the U.S. has ______________ since 1990, some pollutants are still rising.
1. Smog levels are increasing in many __________ areas.
2. Because of ______________________, more than 2, 500 bodies of water in the United States contain fish that are unsafe to eat.
Individuals
improved
rural
biomagnification