1. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 1 Nicolas Ackermann Supervisor: Prof. Christiane Schmullius Co-supervisors: Dr. Christian Thiel, Dr. Maurice Borgeaud FSU Jena, the 19th May 2011 Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery: state May 2011 PhD Colloqium 2011

2. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 2 Context Objectives Application: Biomass retrieval in the Thuringian Forest (Germany) Test site and data Pre-processing Analysis of the data Biomass retrieval Fusion Schedules Presentation outline

3. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 3 Biomass – Carbon assessment: 1/3 of land surface is covered by forests Temperate forests : ~1/4 of world’s forests => Pool of Carbon Kyoto Protocol: “quantify emission limitation and reduction commitments” ENVILAND2: Objective: automated processing chain land cover products optical and SAR synergistic approach Status ENVILAND1 : scale integration + spatial integration (2005-2008) ENVILAND2: level 3 products (kick- off: November 2008) Context World forest distribution (National Science Foundation) Temperate terrestial biome

4. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 4 Forested areas in Thuringian Forest SPOT-5 ALOS-PALSAR Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery Priorities: Algorithms simple and robust Algorithms spatially and temporally transferable Global /regional scale Automatisation Objectives

5. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 5 Processing phases Fusion processing Results Validation Methodology Biomass retrieval Results Validation Methodology Analysis of the data Regions of interests SAR and Optical data analysis Ground data analysis SAR data Pre-processing of the data Optical data Ground data Test site selection Test site Data availability 100% Completed: 80% 70% 60%30%

6. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 6 Test site selection

7. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 7 Test site Thuringia Forest (Germany) Surface: 110 km x 50 km Terrain variations Tree species composition Scots pines Norway Spruce European Beech Climate cool and rainy frequently clouded Peculiarities logging for forest exploitation Kyrill storm (February 2007)

8. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 8 Test site

9. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 9 SAR data ALOS PALSAR (L-Band, 46 days) TerraSAR-X (X-Band, 11 days) Cosmo-SkyMed (X-Band, 1 day) Optical data RapidEye Kompsat-2 Ancillary data DEM: SRTM 25[m], LaserDEM 5[m] Laser points (2004), Orthophotos (2008) HyMap (2008,2009) Forest inventory (1989-2010) Photos with GPS coord. (2009) Weather data Field work New Forest inventory with Stem volume correction including Growth models and logging data (13th May 2011) Available Data (state May 2011)

10. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 10 Satellite data - Thuringian Forest test site MissionSensor Radar- Frequence BeamPolarisation Incident angle # scenes available ALOSPALSARL-BandFBSHH34.3°51 ALOSPALSARL-BandFBDHH/HV34.3°60 ALOSPALSARL-BandPLRHH/HV/VH/VV21.5°13 TSX X-BandHSHH, VV21°-45°41 TSX X-BandSLHH, VV, HH/VV23°-45°9 TSX X-BandSMHH/HV, VV/VH23°-45°18 CSK X-BandHimageHH40°20 RapidEye R,G,B, Red-edge, NIR25 Kompsat2 R,G,B, NIR, PAN6 Total: 243 scenes Available Data (state May 2011)

11. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 11 Available Data (state May 2011) ALOS PALSAR FBS ALOS PALSAR FBD ALOS PALSAR PLR TSX SM TSX SL TSX HS CSK Himage Kompsat2 RapidEye Ongoing!

12. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 12 Pre-processing of the data

13. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 13 Topography Sensor orientation : 350° Sensor azimuth angle : +90° 0° PALSAR 34° HV Asc. 06may08 Normalized PALSAR 34° HV Asc. 06may08 Non normalized Gamma nought [dB] Aspect [°] Slopes oriented in Radar flight direction

14. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 14 Topography PALSAR 34° HV Asc. 06may08 Normalized Gamma nought [dB] Slopes away from the radar Slopes facing the radar Aspect [°]

15. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 15 Topography Slopes oriented in Radar orbit direction PALSAR 34° HV Asc. 06may08 Normalized Gamma nought [dB]Aspect [°]

16. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 16 Topography Slopes oriented in Radar orbit direction PALSAR 34° HV Asc. 06may08 Normalized PALSAR 34° HV Asc. 06may08 Normalized + Normalized with n coefficient Gamma nought [dB] Aspect [°]

17. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 17 Analysis of the data

18. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 18 Method Empirical Models Semi-empirical Models Theoretical Models Pre-processing Biophysical parameters retrieval Forest biomass retrieval Biomass map Product Forest/Non Forest Tree species Crown cover Forest layers Tree height Method Bandsratio Texture Thresholds InSAR height NDVI Product Growing Stock Volume Product SAR Intensity InSAR Coherence InSAR Phase Multispectral Reflectance Method SAR Geocoding Interferometry Polarimetry Atmospheric correction Topographic normalisation Ancillary Data Forest inventory DEM Weather data Satellite data SAR Optical Data Processing flowchart

19. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 19 Precipitation [mm] Temp [°] Wind [m/s] Series of TSX HS, 34.4°, HH, Asc. Acquisition date Gamma nought [dB] Precipitations Weather - TSX intensity

20. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 20 Precipitations [mm] Temp [°] Wind [m/s] Series of PALSAR FBD, FBS, 34.6°, HH, Asc. Acquisition date Gamma nought [dB] frozen Snow + high Water equivalent frozen Weather - PALSAR intensity

21. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 21 Weather - PALSAR coherence Precipitations map PALSAR Coherence HH 23jul09_X_ 07sept09

22. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 22 Urban Layover Precipitation [mm] Coherence Azimuth Weather - PALSAR coherence PALSAR FBD, 34.4°, HH, Asc.

23. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 23 Forest/Non-forest – ROIs map 3255 rois Based on orthophoto observations

24. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 24 Forest/Non-forest – TSX intensity TSX 33° Asc. 16jun10 Gamma nought [dB] – TSX HV TSX 37° Asc. 01sep10 Gamma nought [dB] – TSX HH Daily Precip: 0.8 [mm] Hourly Precip: 0 [mm] Daily Precip: 31.5 [mm] Hourly Precip: 0.2 [mm]

25. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 25 Forest/Non-forest – TSX intensity TSX 33° Asc. 16jun10 Gamma nought [dB] – TSX HV TSX 37° Asc. 01sep10 Gamma nought [dB] – TSX HH Daily Precip: 0.8 [mm] Hourly Precip: 0 [mm] Daily Precip: 31.5 [mm] Hourly Precip: 0.2 [mm]

26. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 26 M (m x m)A r (m-r+1 x m-r+1) Hoechstetter et al., 2011 Ideas – fundamentals Measure of the „gapiness“ (lateinisch: lacuna = Lücke) Can be related to crown cover Scale dependant measure for texture Processing using the "Gliding- Box"-Algorithm Crown cover – Lacunarity texture

27. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 27 Log(lacunarity) Log(r) LacunarityIntensity Beech2 Spruce Pine2 Preliminary results! High : 20 Low: 0 High : 4 Low: 0 High : 4 Low: 0 273m100m Crown cover – TSX intensity lacunarity texture

28. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 28 Stem Volume - PALSAR intensity Investigations 1. Topography 2. Weather 3. Understorey 4. Forest inventory Stem volume [m 3 /ha] Gamma nought [dB] – PALSAR HV PALSAR FBD, 34°, HV, Asc.

29. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 29 r 2 = 0.29 r 2 = 0.31 Stem Volume - PALSAR intensity Stem volume [m 3 /ha] Gamma nought [dB] – PALSAR HV Stem volume [m 3 /ha] PALSAR 34° HV Asc. 10jun10 Non normalized PALSAR 34° HV Asc. 10jun10 Normalized Daily Precip: 1.9 [mm] Hourly Precip: 0 [mm] Daily Precip: 1.9 [mm] Hourly Precip: 0 [mm] Slopes < 4° !

30. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 30 Stem Volume - PALSAR intensity Legend Red: Forest stands Blue: Photos observations Yellow: Stem volume [m 3 /ha] Green: Photos IDs Orthophoto

31. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 31 Stem Volume - PALSAR intensity Observed values Coherence PALSAR HH PALSAR HVOrthophoto

32. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 32 Stem Volume - PALSAR intensity Coherence PALSAR HH PALSAR HVOrthophoto

33. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 33 Stem Volume - PALSAR intensity Stem volume [m 3 /ha] Scattering intensity PALSAR PLR, 21° Asc., 12apr09 r 2 Vol =0.008 r 2 Surf =0.09 r 2 Dbl =0.000 r 2 Vol =0.009 r 2 Surf =0.08 r 2 Dbl =0.005 0 Stem volume [m 3 /ha] PALSAR PLR, 21° Asc., 12apr09 Freeman DecompositionVanzyl Decomposition

34. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 34 Stem Volume - PALSAR intensity Accuracy estimation of the Forest inventory quality Forst Campagn 2009, 2010 and 2011 (July) Cooperation with FHE Erfurt Bachelor BSc. Thesis supervision Forest inventory Height [m] LiDAR Height [m] r 2 S =0.77 r 2 B =0.08 r 2 P =0.57

35. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 35  Coherence  The degree of coherence can be related to several factors, each expressing a specific source of decorrelation. Interferometric coherence The temporal decorrelation is related to the stability of the objects between the two acquisitions. The volume decorrelation is related to objects presenting a vertical extension. This factor is spatial baseline dependent.

36. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 36 Interferometric coherence  Visual interpretations RapidEye RGB – 13jun09 TSX HS 28may10 - 08jun10 CSK Himage 28sep10 - 29sep10 - 1 day temporal baseline - - 11 days temporal baseline -

37. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 37 Interferometric coherence – Cosmo-SkyMed r 2 S = 0.15 r 2 B =0.02 r 2 P =0.06 r 2 S =0.00 r 2 B =0.01 r 2 P =0.01 r 2 S =0.01 r 2 B =0.01 r 2 P =0.01 r 2 S =0.03 r 2 B =0.01 r 2 P =0.00 r 2 S =0.05 r 2 B =0.00 r 2 P =0.01 r 2 B =0.01 r 2 S =0.11 Perpendicular baseline Interferometric coherence Stem volume [m 3 /ha] r 2 P =0.01 1 day temporal baseline

38. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 38 Biomass retrieval

39. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 39 K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) Non parametric (data-based) Reference data: Forest inventory Assumption: stands with similar forest properties have also similar spectral characteristics Ponderation computed with the Euclidian or Mahalanobis Distance Lehtonen et al. 2007 K-NN GSV retrieval

40. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 40 1 Scene 8 Scene RMSE [m 3 /ha] – FBD HV K Distance 50% stands Entire stands PALSAR, FBD, HV 25m -Leave-One Out Cross- Validation (LOOCV) at stand level. -RMSE decreases until reaching a specific K distance. -Best results with “Entire stands” und “8 scenes” (Multitemporal) Tree species Blue: Spruce Green: Beech Red: Pine K-NN GSV retrieval – PALSAR intensity Preliminary results!

41. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 41 PALSAR HV K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) K-NN GSV retrieval – PALSAR intensity Preliminary results! Reference Growing Stock Volume (GSV)

42. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 42 Reference Growing Stock Volume (GSV) PALSAR HV K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) Preliminary results! K-NN GSV retrieval – PALSAR intensity

43. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 43 Fusion / Algorithms

44. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 44 Summary – available information Summary table Summary:

45. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 45 How can we create a biomass map using the entire available information? Summary – available information

46. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 46 Algorithm development 2 possible approaches With Forest inventory (ex: K-NN, Regressions) Without Forest inventory (ex: BIOMASAR Algorithm, IWCM - VCF) Available models Empirical regression Eriksson, 2002 SIBERIA Algorithm WCM (Water Cloud Model) Not possible IWCM (Interferometric Water Cloud Model) IWCM trained with Forest inventory IWCM trained with RapidEye (IWCM – RapidEye) ENVILAND objective: biomass mapping for Europa Algorithm development approach

47. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 47 Fusion approach  Map accuracy improvement  Biomass base map  Transferability concept  Spatial: clouds, mosaicing  Temporal: lack of data SAR Optical Possible cases 1.Optical image clear 2.Optical image cloud covered 3.SAR image clear 4.SAR image cloud covered 5.Superimposed Optical and SAR images clear 6.Superimposed Optical and SAR image cloud covered Quality Factor (max=1) 0,8 0,5 0,7 0,9 0,8 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 5. t t Spatial transferability Temporal transferability Optical data SAR data

48. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 48 Schedules – next steps JUNE Data analysis: -RapidEye Modeling: -Algorithm developpment JULY-AUGUST Fusion: -Developpment fusion approach for SAR – Multispectral data Modeling: -Develop modeling approach for SAR data SEPTEMBER Finalisation OCTOBER-DECEMBER PhD Dissertation: -Final results -Papers

49. N. Ackermann - Biomass retrieval in temperate forested areas with a synergetic approach using SAR and Optical satellite imagery - 49 Thuringia Forest – July 2010 Thank you for your attention !