1. E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators Nature of Code / ITP October 2, 2006 Michael Ang, Heather Dewey-Hagborg, Chris Kucinski, Jadie Oh, Roy Vanegas

2. Electronic Warfare

3. “…is the use of the electromagnetic spectrum to deny its use by an adversary.” - wikipedia.org

4. Electronic Warfare “…is the use of the electromagnetic spectrum to deny its use by an adversary.” - wikipedia.org Employs technology to interfere or jam an adversary’s communications system

5. Electromagnetic Bombs, or E-Bombs

6. A form of electronic warfare

7. Electromagnetic Bombs, or E-Bombs A form of electronic warfare Employs electromagnetic force, one of the four fundamental forces

8. The Vircator Virtual Cathode Oscillator

9. The Vircator Virtual Cathode Oscillator Most popular of the various HPM, or high- powered microwave, devices

10. The Vircator Virtual Cathode Oscillator Most popular of the various HPM, or high- powered microwave, devices Vacuum tube

11. The Vircator Deployed in a Bomb Wide “lethal” range

12. The Vircator Deployed in a Bomb Wide “lethal” range Its electromagnetic pulse can be generated without the need for a nuclear explosion

13. The Vircator Deployed in a Bomb Has the ability to render useless any electronic equipment exposed to its pulse

14. Defending Against The Vircator And Other HPM Devices The Faraday cage

15. Defending Against The Vircator And Other HPM Devices The Faraday cage Prevents the electromagnetic field from gaining access to protected equipment

16. Vulnerability of The Faraday Cage Protected equipment must be linked with the outside world: data and power

17. Vulnerability of The Faraday Cage Protected equipment must be linked with the outside world: data and power Data: fiber optics; power: ongoing problem

18. Gravity Newtonian Gravity

19. Gravitational Attraction of the Earth Object with weight fall down to the Earth Reason for the existence of the Earth, the Sun, and other celestial bodies Responsible for keeping the orbits for planets

20. Newton’s Law of Gravitation F = the magnitude of the gravitational force between the two point masses G = the gravitational constant m1 = the mass of the first point mass m2 = the mass of the second point mass r = the distance between the two point masses

21. The closer the object is to the Earth, the stronger the gravity is. Object Falling Down

22. An example of a sports using gravity and acceleration

23. Problems with Newtonian gravity Describes gravity as an instantaneous force (violates speed of light) Difference between predicted behaviour and experimental observation of precession of Mercury’s orbit

24. General Relativity

25. Published by Einstein in 1915 Gravitation is not a force but curvature of spacetime

26. Spacetime Matter determines how space curves Curved space determines how matter moves.

27. Spacetime 4-dimensional combination of 3D space + time Curvature produced by mass, energy and momentum Can’t think of time as independent from space and motion

28. Some predicted effects Gravitational time dilation –Time runs slower in a deep gravity well –Confirmed by experiment Gravitational lensing –Light bends in gravity well

29. More predicted effects Expansion of the universe –Einstein didn’t believe,added “cosmological constant” fudge factor (similar to previous factors added to Newtonian gravity) –Later confirmed by Edwin Hubble! Black Holes - Einstein didn’t believe in them

30. Status Passes experimental tests given to it More advanced tests in progress Black holes still feel problematic Doesn’t talk about quantum effects Best so far but there will be better!

31. Loop Quantum Gravity

32. Quantum Mechanics Study of the very small Matter and energy quantized Discrete packets – “quanta”

33. The Problem Nothing about the structure of matter Nothing about how gravity is generated Global not local Black holes, the big bang

34. Loop Quantum Gravity Attempts to reconciles QM, GR Alternative to string theory Quantum space is granular, 10 -35 meters Spacetime links connecting these chunks

35. Loops Links form braided loops Loops are elementary particles

36. Twists determine charge Each twist 1/3 electron charge Clockwise negative Counter-clockwise positive Electron 3 clockwise twists Positron complement

38. The Universe Turbulent, fluctuates 10 -44 seconds A giant quantum computer The chunks are qubits Qubits preserve braids

39. Space does not exist Space is a web of information Humans are mere tangles No fundamental building blocks Matter emerges as network of relationships Loops not in space, loops are space Requires new quantum theory without background

40. Particle Ac c e l e r a t o r Generally relate to the weak and strong nuclear and electromagnetic interactions. 1.Generate and accelerate sub-atomic particles close (>99.99999%) to the speed of light 2.Smash them into fixed targets or other particles to generate significant energy densities 3.Gather data about which particles were generated 4.Optional - repeat experiment, shooting G.I. Joe’s with particles

41. Interactions table

42. particlesaksdfjhalsd

43. Types of Accelerators

44. Argonne National Laboratory, near Chicago, Illinois

45. Linac, Cyclotron, Storage Ring, and Experiment Halls

46. Hydrogen Bubble Chamber

47. LEP at CERN

48. OPAL Calorimeter

49. DELPHI TPC

50. Muon Detector

52. Experiment Conditions Gravity acting on experiments –Times of day –Seasons –Times of day #2 Mass in volts! –E=mc 2 an electron and a positron, each with a mass of 0.511 MeV/c 2, can annihilate to yield 1.022 MeV of energy. 1 GeV/c 2 = 1.783×10 27 kg Concrete –0.2mm change Electricity –Advanced Photon Source at Argonne requires ~18 megawatts of electrical power

53. Experiment Findings The energy density attained at LEP corresponds to a temperature of one trillion degrees, 10 15 K –Universe took only a tenth of a billionth of a second, 10 10 s, to "cool" to this temperature Evolution of the Universe since 10 43 seconds after it began –Particles of matter and antimatter Existed in equal amounts Constantly annihilating to produce radiation and being recreated from that radiation. Universe was opaque All the fixin’s for a Blackhole –Not possible due to Hawking Radiation (??) –Cosmic Rays

54. Serious Names Microtron Advanced Photon Source Spallation Neutron Source Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Super Photon Ring Cyclotron Synchrotron Synchrocyclotron Betatron Bevatron 1940 University of Illinois accelerator naming contest entries: Inductron Rheotron Ausserordentlichhochgeschwindigkeitelektronenentwickelndenschwerarbeitsbeigollitron (German for "extraordinarily high-speed electron generator, hard work by golly-tron”) Bevatron

55. E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators Q & A

56. References – E-Bomb http://science.howstuffworks.com/e-bomb1.htm http://www.globalsecurity.org http://www.wikipedia.org http://www.answers.com http://hyperphysics.phy- astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.htmlhttp://hyperphysics.phy- astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html The Economist, 30 January 2003 The Electrical Nature of Storms, Donald MacGorman and W David Rust

57. Names – Loop Quantum Gravity Abhay Ashtekar http://cgpg.gravity.psu.eduhttp://cgpg.gravity.psu.edu Lee Smolin http://www.qgravity.org/http://www.qgravity.org/ Carlo Rovelli http://www.cpt.univ-mrs.fr/~rovelli/http://www.cpt.univ-mrs.fr/~rovelli/ Sundance Bilson-Thompson Fotini Markopoulou David Kribs http://www.uoguelph.ca/~dkribs/http://www.uoguelph.ca/~dkribs/

58. References – Particle Accelator http://particleadventure.org/particleadventure/index.html http://keyhole.web.cern.ch/keyhole//main/Main_Screen.html http://www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/accelerator_list.html http://www.aps.anl.gov/About/APS_Overview/index.html http://pdg.lbl.gov/fireworks/intro_eng.swf http://www.cerncourier.com/main/article/44/9/22 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Electron_Positron http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeV

59. E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators Nature of Code / ITP October 2, 2006 Michael Ang, Heather Dewey-Hagborg, Chris Kucinski, Jadie Oh, Roy Vanegas