1. Multithreaded Programing

2. Outline Overview of threads Threads Multithreaded Models  Many-to-One  One-to-One  Many-to-Many Thread Libraries  Pthread  Win32  Java Threading Issues  The fork() & exec() system call  Cancellation  Signal Handling  Thread Pools  Thread-Specific Data  Scheduler Activations

3. Threads --an overview  Process can contain multiple threads of control  APIs for Pthreads, Win32 and Java thread libraries  Support of threads in WinXP and Linux Thread: A basic unit of CPU utilization. ThreadID, program counter, register set and a stack It shares its code and data sections with the other thread of the same process. A process can perform more than one task at a time if a process has multiple threads.

4. Why Threads (contd..) A web browser might have one thread to display images or text while another retrieves data from the network. Word processor and Web server Operating system kernels are multithreaded  A set of threads in Solaris kernel manage interrupt handling  A kernel thread in Linux manages amount of free memory

5. Threads (contd)

6. Threads (Benefits) Responsiveness  Program can continue even if part of it is blocked or is performing lengthy operation.  Web browser can still allow user interaction in one thread during an image load thread Resource sharing  Several different threads of activity within the same address space --share the code and data section Economy  Costly Memory and resource allocation for process  Comparatively time consuming to create and manage processes than threads  Solaris: creating a process 30 times slower  Context switching 5 times slower Utilization of multiprocessor architecture

7. Multithreading Models User Threads: managed without kernel support Kernel threads: managed directly by OS Relationship b/w user and kernel threads  Many-to-one model  One-to-One model  Many-to-Many model

8. Multithreading Models Many-to-One Thread management by thread library in user space Entire process will block if a thread makes a blocking system call One thread can access the kernel at a time Multiple threads cannot run in parallel on multiprocessors. Developer can create as many threads as he/she wishes Examples Solaris –Green threads (uses this model) GNU Portable threads

9. Multithreading Models One-to-One Maps each user thread to a kernel thread -- More concurrency Multiple threads can run in parallel on multiprocessors Drawbacks? Crating a user thread requires creating a kernel thread Overhead of creating kernel thread –Performance Implementation of this model may limit the number of supported threads Examples: Linux, Windows

10. Multithreading Models Many-to-Many This model multiplexes many user-level threads to a smaller or equal number of kernel threads. Developer can create as many user threads as necessary –corresponding kernel thread can run in parallel on a multiprocessor Examples: Solaris 9

11. Outline Overview of threads Threads Multithreaded Models  Many-to-One  One-to-One  Many-to-Many Thread Libraries  Pthread  Win32  Java Threading Issues  The fork() & exec() system call  Cancellation  Signal Handling  Thread Pools  Thread-Specific Data  Scheduler Activations

12. Thread Libraries provides an API for creating & managing threads Two ways of implementing thread libraries  Provide a library entirely in user space with no kernel support All code & data structures exist in user space Invoking a function in the library results in a local function call in user space –not system call  Implement a kernel-level library supported directly by the OS Code & data structures for library exist in kernel space. Invoking a function in the API for library results in a system call to the kernel Three main thread libraries  POSIX Pthread, Win32 and Java

13. Thread Libraries (contd..) Pthread Library  Thread extension of the POSIX standard –provided as either a user or kernel level library Win 32 Library  Kernel level library for windows Java thread API  thread creation and management in Java program

14. Pthreads POSIX standard (IEEE1003.1c) –API for thread creation and synchronization Just a specification of thread behavior –not an implementation OS designers may implement it as they wish. Solaris, Linux, MacOSX, Tr64 UNIX A multithreaded program for summation: sum = n  i=0 i

16. Win32 Threads Similar technique –windows.h Threads creation by CreateThread() Pthread_join() = WaitForSingleObject() Java Threads Fundamental model of program execution in a java prog. Rich set of features –creation & management of threads Every Java program has at least one thread+ Create a thread – start() Pthread_join() = join()

17. Threading Issues If one thread in a program calls fork(), does the new process duplicate al threads, or the new process single- threaded?  Two versions Thread Cancellation: searching database, web browser Target Thread – thread to be cancelled: Two scenarios  Asynchronous Cancellation: One thread immediately terminates the target thread  Deferred Cancellation: Target thread periodically checks whether it should terminate –termination in orderly fashion. If resources have been allocated to cancelled thread? A thread is cancelled while in the midst of updating data? Cancellation points

18. Threading Issues (contd) Consider multithreading in web server  Problems? Time required to create a thread prior to servicing a request Thread will be discarded once it has completed its work No bound in the number of threads concurrently active in the system  Solution ? Thread Pool: Threads sit and wait for work  Benefits? Servicing a request is comparatively faster Thread pool limit the number of threads that exist at any point Thread pool architectures can dynamically adjust the # of threads in the pool according to usage patterns Smaller pool --larger benefit –less memory consumption

19. Threading Issues (contd) Thread Specific Data:  Threads share the data of the process  Thread might need its own copy of certain data  TSD support in Win32, Pthreads & Java K LWP

20. Outline Overview of threads Threads Multithreaded Models  Many-to-One  One-to-One  Many-to-Many Thread Libraries  Pthread  Win32  Java Threading Issues  The fork() & exec() system call  Cancellation  Signal Handling  Thread Pools  Thread-Specific Data  Scheduler Activations Operating-System Examples