2. 4300 Lines Added 1800 Lines Removed 1500 Lines Modified PER DAY DURING 2007-2008 SUSE Lab

5. The kernel is the "core" of any computer system: it is the "software" which allows users to share computer resources. XWindow environment doesn't belong to the Linux Kernel

6. avoid crash, OS designed with 2 different operative modes: – Kernel Mode: the machine operates with critical data structure, direct hardware (IN/OUT or memory mapped), direct memory, IRQ, DMA, and so on. – User Mode: users can run applications. Kernel Mode "prevents" User Mode applications from damaging the system or its features.

8. When calling a System Call: after calling a System Call, the task voluntary calls pieces of code living in Kernel Mode When an IRQ (or exception) comes: after the IRQ an IRQ handler (or exception handler) is called, then control returns back to the task that was interrupted like nothing was happened. Switch System Call IRQ

9. System calls are like special functions that manage OS routines which live in Kernel Mode. A system call can be called when we: – access an I/O device or a file (like read or write) – need to access privileged information (like pid, changing scheduling policy or other information) – need to change execution context (like forking or executing some other application) – need to execute a particular command (like ''chdir'', ''kill", ''brk'', or ''signal'')

10. When an IRQ comes, the task that is running is interrupted in order to service the IRQ Handler. After the IRQ is handled, control returns backs exactly to point of interrupt

11. The concept of a process is fundamental to any multiprogramming operating system. A process is usually defined as an instance of a program in execution Process Descriptor

12. TASK_RUNNING TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE TASK_STOPPED TASK_ZOMBIE – Process execution is terminated, but the parent process has not yet issued a wait( ) to return information about the dead process.

13. Identifying a Process – lightweight processes—each process has its own process Descriptor Process ID – The PID is a 32-bit unsigned integer stored in the pid field of the process descriptor. – kill( ) use the PID

14.  Linux stores two different data structures for each process in a single 8 KB memory area  the process descriptor and the Kernel Mode process stack.  The process descriptor starts from the beginning of the memory area and the stack from the end.

15. circular doubly linked list Hash Table

16. p_opptr (original parent) p_pptr (parent) p_cptr (child) p_ysptr (younger sibling) p_osptr (older sibling)

17. In order to control the execution of processes, the kernel must be able to suspend the execution of the process running on the CPU and resume the execution of some other process previously suspended. This activity is called process switching, task switching, or context switching. – Hardware context – Hardware support – Linux code – Saving the floating point registers

18. The clone( ), fork( ), and vfork( ) System Calls Kernel Threads – kernel_thread( ) Destroying Processes – exit( ) – All process terminations are handled by the do_exit( ) function – Wait() – The release( ) function releases the process descriptor of a zombie process

19. On Linux, kernel threads are created with the clone system call. This system call is similar to fork in that it creates a task which is executing the current program. However it differs in that clone specifies which resources should be shared. To create a thread, we call clone to create a task which shares as much as possible: The memory space, file descriptors and signal handlers. The signal to be sent when the thread exists is SIGCHLD so wait will return when a thread exits.cloneforkclone wait

20. A signal is a very short message that may be sent to a process or to a group of processes. Signals serve two main purposes: – To make a process aware that a specific event has occurred – To force a process to execute a signal handler function included in its code

22. Linux scheduling is based on – time-sharing technique Quantum slice – ranking processes Priority Interactive processes Batch processes Real-time processes