1. 260404Astroparticle Physics1 Astroparticle Physics Key Issues Jan Kuijpers Dep. of Astrophysics/ HEFIN University of Nijmegen

2. 260404Astroparticle Physics2 Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum LHC | _10 -1 Flux Flux (m 2 sr s GeV) -1 (m 2 sr s GeV) -1 _10 -25 | | | | 10 9 Energy (eV) 10 20 Swordy Ankle (1 per km 2 -year)__ Knee Knee __(1 per m 2 -year) __(1 per m 2 -sec) E -2.7 E -3 E -2.7 E -3 Flux x E 2.75 | | 1 Energy (GeV/n) 10 7 | | 1 Energy (GeV/n) 10 7 e - up to 1 TeV, only 1 %

3. 260404Astroparticle Physics3 Cosmic Rays Direct detection: Nuclei, power-lawNuclei, power-law Gamma-rays up to TeV (AGN, pulsars)Gamma-rays up to TeV (AGN, pulsars) Neutrinos (solar, SN1987a)Neutrinos (solar, SN1987a) Indirect detection from radiation: optically thin synchrotron, inverse Compton, bremsstrahlung: synchrotron, inverse Compton, bremsstrahlung: Electrons: power-law –2/–2.7/-3 over many decades in extragalactic radio galaxies. Also in extragal. GRBs, galactic SNRs, X-ray binaries, jets.Electrons: power-law –2/–2.7/-3 over many decades in extragalactic radio galaxies. Also in extragal. GRBs, galactic SNRs, X-ray binaries, jets. Protons (X-ray and MeV galactic)Protons (X-ray and MeV galactic) Main question: 1: UNIVERSAL ACCELERATION PROCESS?

4. 260404Astroparticle Physics4 Particle acceleration processes Shock waves (Bell,..1977; Fermi 1954):Shock waves (Bell,..1977; Fermi 1954): 2 1 u2u2u2u2 u1u1u1u1    De Hoffmann- Teller frame SNRs: v s ~few 10 4 km/s GRBs:  ~300 Jets: Radio galaxies X-ray binaries

5. 260404Astroparticle Physics5 10 9 G_ B 10 -9 G_ 1 AU 1 pc 1 kpc 1 Mpc 1 AU 1 pc 1 kpc 1 Mpc | | | | | | | | Size (km) 10 10 E max = ZeBL  Flare stars Magnetars Pulsars Stellar mass black holes Massive black holes

6. 260404Astroparticle Physics6 More questions: 2: TeV gamma rays from electrons or protons?

7. 260404Astroparticle Physics7 Van den Akker 2004 PhD Thesis KUN Case study: L3+Cosmics: search for TeV photons from GRBs from 64 EGRET unidentified 30 MeV/30 GeV GRSs GRB 990903 Significance of muon excess # muons per square degree per sec not corrected for detector accept. galactic coordin.

8. 260404Astroparticle Physics8 Linear acceleration of primary electrons in unipolar inductor (neutron stars, accretion discs, black hole collapse + torus) and subsequent pair creation in strong B or photon background. Pair plasma production in circuit C 3: Origin e  plasma? C C Rotationaxis

9. 260404Astroparticle Physics9 Fung & Kuijpers, 2004, A&A subm. Case study: Coherent emission from particle beams Radio pulsars as Free Electron Lasers 1000  950 t (10 -5 sec) E (V/m) f (10 -10 Hz) t (10 -5 sec) P (10 13 W) varyingmagneticwiggler

10. 260404Astroparticle Physics10 Dynamo accretion disk compact object Poynting flux dominated Magnetized wind Jets 5: Origin energy fireball? 4: Origin of magnetic field? - Magnetic reconnection - Plasma turbulence - Stochastic acceleration

11. 260404Astroparticle Physics11 Case study: Coupling gravitational waves – mhd waves Magnetosonic wave Alfven wave SFG AG GW + GW x Moortgat & Kuijpers 2003 A&A 402, 905 ; 2004 Phys Rev D, subm. z z x y

12. 260404Astroparticle Physics12 Cronin 2004 Photopion production Photopair production 6. Is there a high energy CR cut-off? | GZK cutoff

13. 260404Astroparticle Physics13

14. 260404Astroparticle Physics14 Cronin 2004 7. Origin of highest energy CRs? Conflicting observ. Inconclusive statistics

15. 260404Astroparticle Physics15 Wilkens, 2003, PhD Thesis KUN Case study: L3+Cosmics: composition – forward cross-section muons muon mul;tiplicity Comparison to Monte Carlo CORSIKA

16. 260404Astroparticle Physics16 Case study: L3+Cosmics: muon spectrum at sea level Petersen, 2002 PhD Thesis, KUN Charge ratio Accurate absolute spectrum

17. 260404Astroparticle Physics17 Cronin 2004 Gamma ray: ----- Fe: _______ Protons: ______ Air showers LOFAR cornerstone: study of CRs and their sources

18. 260404Astroparticle Physics18 High schools & cosmic rays: detector construction, observations,analysis Outreach opportunities: NAHSA – HiSPARC - LOFAR - LOFAR Timmermans et al, 2004, KUN

19. 260404Astroparticle Physics19 Key questions in astroparticle physics: ORIGINS CRs (HADRONS+LEPTONS): ORIGINS CRs (HADRONS+LEPTONS): SNRs, BHs, NSs, DARK MATTER, DARK ENERGY SNRs, BHs, NSs, DARK MATTER, DARK ENERGY UNIVERSAL ACCELERATION PROCESS? UNIVERSAL ACCELERATION PROCESS? TeV GAMMA RAYS FROM ELECTRONS OR PROTONS? TeV GAMMA RAYS FROM ELECTRONS OR PROTONS? ORIGIN e  PLASMA? ORIGIN e  PLASMA? ORIGIN OF MAGNETIC FIELD? ORIGIN OF MAGNETIC FIELD? ENERGY PARTITIONING ENERGY PARTITIONING IS THERE A HIGH ENERGY CR CUT-OFF? IS THERE A HIGH ENERGY CR CUT-OFF? QUEST FOR HIGHEST ENERGY CRs AND SOURCES QUEST FOR HIGHEST ENERGY CRs AND SOURCES 2 communities astroparticle detectors LOFAR + ANTARES