1. Knocking pain about CV angle

2. Costovertebral angle tenderness

3. Calculi 伴隨症狀： waning flank pain
nausea, vomiting, severe abdominal pain, abdominal distention, and decreased bowel sounds.

4. Perirenal abscess 伴隨症狀： exquisite CVA tenderness
severe unilateral flank pain
Dysuria
persistent high fever, chills, erythema of the skin, and sometimes a palpable abdominal mass

5. Pyelonephritis (acute)
most common cause of CVA tenderness
伴隨症狀：persistent high fever, chills, flank pain, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, weakness, dysuria, hematuria, nocturia, urinary urgency and frequency, and tenesmus.

6. Renal artery occlusion
伴隨症狀：flank pain ; severe, continuous upper abdominal pain; nausea; vomiting; decreased bowel sounds; and high fever.

7. Renal vein occlusion
伴隨症狀：flank pain; sudden, severe back pain; fever; oliguria; edema; hematuria

8. CAUSE Calculi Perirenal abscess Pyelonephritis (acute)
Renal artery occlusion
Renal vein occlusion