2. Lecturer’s desk Physics- atmospheric Sciences (PAS) - Room 201 s c r e e n Row A Row B Row C Row D Row E Row F Row G Row H 131211109 87 Row A 14131211109 87 Row B 1514131211109 87 Row C 1514131211109 87 Row D 16 1514131211109 87 Row E 17 16 1514131211109 87 Row F 1716 1514131211109 87 Row G 1716 1514131211109 87 Row H 16 18 table Row A Row B Row C Row D Row E Row F Row G Row H 15141716 1819 16 15 18171920 17161918 2021 18172019 2122 19182120 2223 20192221 2324 18172019 2122 19182120 2223 2143 56 2143 56 2143 56 2143 56 2143 56 2143 56 2143 56 2143 56 Row J Row K Row L Row M Row N Row P 2143 5 2143 5 2143 5 2143 5 2143 5 1 5 Row J Row K Row L Row M Row N Row P 27262928 30 25242726 28 24232625 27 23222524 26 25242726 28 27262928 30 6 14 131211109 87 16151817 19 202122 614131211109 87 16 15 18 17 19 20212223 614131211109 87 16 15 18171920 2122 23 6 14 131211109 87 1624181719 20 2122 231525 6 14 131211109 87 1624181719 20 2122 231525 Row Q 2143 5 27262928 30 6 14 131211109 87 242223 21 - 15 25 37363938 40 34 3132 3335 69 87 13 table 14 18 192021

3. MGMT 276: Statistical Inference in Management Fall 2015

4. Please hand in Assignment 5 Descriptive Statistics in Consulting Due: Thursday, September 22 nd As always must be stapled and complete Homework Assignment

6. Just for Fun Assignments Go to D2L - Click on “Content” Click on “Interactive Online Just-for-fun Assignments” Complete Assignments 1 – 7 Please note: These are not worth any class points and are different from the required homeworks

7. By the end of lecture today 9/22/15 Characteristics of a distribution Central Tendency Dispersion Measures of variability Range Standard deviation Variance Memorizing the four definitional formulae

8. Exam 1 – This Thursday, September 24 th Study guide is online Bring 2 calculators (remember only simple calculators, we can’t use calculators with programming functions) Bring 2 pencils (with good erasers) Bring ID

9. Schedule of readings Before next exam: September 24 th Please read chapters 1 - 4 & Appendix D & E in Lind Please read Chapters 1, 5, 6 and 13 in Plous Chapter 1: Selective Perception Chapter 5: Plasticity Chapter 6: Effects of Question Wording and Framing Chapter 13: Anchoring and Adjustment

10. No homework Assignment Just study for Exam 1 Homework Assignment

11. Standard deviation: The average amount by which observations deviate on either side of their mean Based on difference from the mean Mean Diallo is 0” Mike is -4” Hunter is -2 Shea is 4 David 0” Preston is 2” Deviation scores Mike Shea Preston Diallo Generally, (on average) how far away is each score from the mean? Remember, it’s relative to the mean “Sum of Squares” “n-1” is “Degrees of Freedom” “n-1” is “Degrees of Freedom” Remember, We are thinking in terms of “deviations”

12. If score is within 2 standard deviations (z < 2) “not unusual score” If score is beyond 2 standard deviations (z = 2 or up to 3) “is unusual score” If score is beyond 3 standard deviations (z = 3 or up to 4) “is an outlier” If score is beyond 4 standard deviations (z = 4 or beyond) “is an extreme outlier”

13. Summary of 7 facts to memorize These would be helpful to know by heart – please memorize areas

14. Raw scores, z scores & probabilities 68% 95%99.7% Please note spatially where 1 standard deviation falls on the curve

15. Movie Packages We sampled 100 movie theaters (Two tickets, large popcorn and 2 drinks) Mean = $37 Range = $27 - $47 2728 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Price per Movie Package 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Frequency Standard Deviation = 3.5

16. Amount of Bonuses (based on commission) We sampled 100 retail workers Mean = $50 Range = $25 - $75 Standard Deviation = 10 68% 95% 99.7%

17. 1. What is a “deviation score” 2. Preston has a deviation score of 2: What does that tell us about Preston? Is he taller or shorter than the mean? And by how much? Are most people in the group taller or shorter than Preston 3.Mike has a deviation score of -4: What does that tell us about Mike? Is he taller or shorter than the mean? And by how much? Are most people in the group taller or shorter than Mike 4.Diallo has a deviation score of 0: What does that tell us about Diallo? Is he taller or shorter than the mean? And by how much? Are most people in the group taller or shorter than Diallo? 5.Please write the formula for the standard deviation of a population 6.Please draw 3 curves showing 1, 2 & 3 standard deviations from mean Writing Assignment – Pop Quiz

18. 7. What does this symbol refer to? 8. What does this symbol refer to? 11. What does this symbol refer to? 9. What does this symbol refer to? 10. What does this symbol refer to? What is it called? What does it mean? Is it referring to a sample or population? What is it called? What does it mean? Is it referring to a sample or population? What is it called? What does it mean? Is it referring to a sample or population? What is it called? What does it mean? Is it referring to a sample or population?

19. Writing Assignment – Pop Quiz 12. What does this refer to? 13. What does this refer to? 14. What do these two refer to? 15. What does this refer to? What are they called? How are they different What is it called? Use it for sample data or population? What are they called? What do they refer to? How are they different What are they called? How are they different

20. Writing Assignment – Pop Quiz 16. What does this refer to? What are they called? What do they refer to? How are they different 17. What does this refer to? What are they called? What do they refer to? How are they different

21. 1. What is a “deviation score” 2. Preston has a deviation score of 2: What does that tell us about Preston? Is he taller or shorter than the mean? And by how much? Are most people in the group taller or shorter than Preston 3.Mike has a deviation score of -4: What does that tell us about Mike? Is he taller or shorter than the mean? And by how much? Are most people in the group taller or shorter than Mike 4.Diallo has a deviation score of 0: What does that tell us about Diallo? Is he taller or shorter than the mean? And by how much? Are most people in the group taller or shorter than Diallo? 5.Please write the formula for the standard deviation of a population 6.Please draw 3 curves showing 1, 2 & 3 standard deviations from mean How far away is each score from the mean? Preston is 2” taller than the mean (taller than most) Mike is 4” shorter than the mean (shorter than most) Diallo is exactly same height as mean (half taller half shorter) Writing Assignment – Pop Quiz

22. 7. What does this symbol refer to? 8. What does this symbol refer to? 11. What does this symbol refer to? 9. What does this symbol refer to? 10. What does this symbol refer to? What is it called? What does it mean? Is it referring to a sample or population? What is it called? What does it mean? Is it referring to a sample or population? What is it called? What does it mean? Is it referring to a sample or population? What is it called? What does it mean? Is it referring to a sample or population? The standard deviation (population) The mean (population) The mean (sample) The standard deviation (sample) Each individual score sigma population mu x-bar population sample s

23. 12. What does this refer to? 13. What does this refer to? 14. What do these two refer to? 15. What does this refer to? What are they called? How are they different What is it called? Use it for sample data or population? What are they called? What do they refer to? How are they different What are they called? How are they different Variance population sample Sigma squared S squared Deviation scores population sample Sum of squares population sample Degrees of freedom Writing Assignment – Pop Quiz

24. 16. What does this refer to? What are they called? What do they refer to? How are they different 17. What does this refer to? What are they called? What do they refer to? How are they different Variance population sample Standard Deviation population sample

25. Exam 1 Review

26. Let’s try one Albert compared the time required to finish the race for 20 female jockeys and 20 male jockeys riding race horses. He wanted to know who averaged faster rides. Which of the following is true? a. The IV is gender while the DV is time to finish a race b. The IV is time to finish a race while the DV is gender

27. Albert compared the time required to finish the race for 20 female jockeys and 20 male jockeys riding race horses. He wanted to know who averaged faster rides. The independent variable is a(n) _____ Let’s try one a. Nominal level of measurement b. Ordinal level of measurement c. Interval level of measurement d. Ratio level of measurement

28. Let’s try one Albert compared the time required to finish the race for 20 female jockeys and 20 male jockeys riding race horses. He wanted to know who averaged faster rides. The dependent variable is a(n) _____ a. Nominal level of measurement b. Ordinal level of measurement c. Interval level of measurement d. Ratio level of measurement

29. Albert compared the time required to finish the race for 20 female jockeys and 20 male jockeys riding race horses. He wanted to know who averaged faster rides. The independent variable is a(n) _____ Let’s try one a. Discrete b. Continuous

30. Let’s try one Albert compared the time required to finish the race for 20 female jockeys and 20 male jockeys riding race horses. He wanted to know who averaged faster rides. The dependent variable is a(n) _____ a. Discrete b. Continuous

31. Let’s try one Albert compared the time required to finish the race for 20 female jockeys and 20 male jockeys riding race horses. He wanted to know who averaged faster rides. Which of the following is true? a. This is a quasi, between participant design b. This is a quasi, within participant design c. This is a true, between participant design d. This is a true, within participant design

32. Let’s try one Judy is running an experiment in which she wants to see whether a reward program will improve the number of sales in her retail shops. In her experiment she rewarded the employees in her Los Angeles stores with bonuses and fun prizes whenever they sold more than 5 items to any one customer. However, the employees in Houston were treated like they always have been treated and were not given any rewards for those 2 months. Judy then compared the number of items sold by each employee in the Los Angeles (rewarded) versus Houston (not rewarded) stores. In this study, a _____________ design was used. a. between-participant, true experimental b. between-participant, quasi experimental c. within-participant, true experimental d. within-participant, quasi experimental

33. Let’s try one Judy is running an experiment in which she wants to see whether a reward program will improve the number of sales in her retail shops. (As described in previous question). She wants to use her findings with these two samples to make generalizations about the population, specifically whether rewarding employees will affect sales to all of her stores. She wants to generalize from her samples to a population, this is called a. random assignment b. stratified sampling c. random sampling d. inferential statistics

34. Let’s try one Naomi is interested in surveying mothers of newborn infants, so she uses the following sampling technique. She found a new mom and asked her to identify other mothers of infants as potential research participants. Then asked those women to identify other potential participants, and continued this process until she found a suitable sample. What is this sampling technique called? a. Snowball sampling b. Systematic sampling c. Convenience sampling d. Judgment sampling

35. Let’s try one Steve who teaches in the Economics Department wants to use a simple random sample of students to measure average income. Which technique would work best to create a simple random sample? a. Choosing volunteers from her introductory economics class to participate b. Listing the individuals by major and choosing a proportion from within each major at random c. Numbering all the students at the university and then using a random number table pick cases from the sampling frame. d. Randomly selecting different universities, and then sampling everyone within the school.

36. Let’s try one Marcella wanted to know about the educational background of the employees of the University of Arizona. She was able to get a list of all of the employees, and then she asked every employee how far they got in school. Which of the following best describes this situation? a. census b. stratified sample c. systematic sample d. quasi-experimental study

37. Let’s try one Mr. Chu who runs a national company, wants to know how his Information Technology (IT) employees from the West Coast compare to his IT employees on the East Coast. He asks each office to report the average number of sick days each employee used in the previous 6 months, and then compared the number of sick days reported for the West Coast and East Coast employees. His methodology would best be described as: a. time-series comparison b. cross-sectional comparison c. true experimental comparison d. both a and b

38. Let’s try one A researcher wrote the following item stem for a five point rating scale. "Don't you agree that the University needs a football team.” What is the problem with this item? a. It uses unfamiliar language. b. It uses double negatives. c. It is a double-barreled question. d. It is a "leading" question.

39. Let’s try one A researcher wrote the following item for a survey on school financing (they were to agree or disagree with the statement), "Parents should support the schools and taxes should be increased." What is the problem with this item? a. It uses unfamiliar language. b. It uses double negatives. c. It is a double-barreled question. d. It is a "leading" item.

40. Let’s try one When several items on a questionnaire are rated on a five point scale, and then the responses to all of the questions are added up for a total score (like in a miniquiz), it is called a: a. Checklist b. Likert scale c. Open-ended scale d. Ranking

41. Let’s try one Which of the following is a measurement of a construct (and not just the construct itself) a. sadness b. customer satisfaction c. laughing d. love

42. What if we were looking to see if our new management program provides different results in employee happiness than the old program. What is the independent variable? a. The employees’ happiness b. Whether the new program works better c. The type of management program (new vs old) d. Comparing the null and alternative hypothesis How many levels of the IV are there?

43. What if we were looking to see if our new management program provides different results in employee happiness than the old program. What is the dependent variable? a. The employees’ happiness b. Whether the new program works better c. The type of management program (new vs old) d. Comparing the null and alternative hypothesis

44. Marietta is a manager of a movie theater. She wanted to know whether there is a difference in concession sales for afternoon (matinee) movies vs. evening movies. She took a random sample of 25 purchases from the matinee movie (mean of $7.50) and 25 purchases from the evening show (mean of $10.50). She compared these two means. This is an example of a _____. a. between participant design b. within participant design c. mixed participant design

45. Marietta is a manager of a movie theater. She wanted to know whether there is a difference in concession sales for afternoon (matinee) movies vs. evening movies. She took a random sample of 25 purchases from the matinee movie (mean of $7.50) and 25 purchases from the evening show (mean of $10.50). She compared these two means. This is an example of a _____. a. quasi experimental design b. true experimental design c. mixed participant design quasi

46. Victoria was also interested in the effect of vacation time on productivity of the workers in her department. In her department some workers took vacations and some did not. She measured the productivity of those workers who did not take vacations and the productivity of those workers who did (after they returned from their vacations). This is an example of a _____. a. quasi-experiment b. true experiment c. correlational study Let’s try one quasi

47. Ian was interested in the effect of incentives for girl scouts on the number of cookies sold. He randomly assigned girl scouts into one of three groups. The three groups were given one of three incentives and he looked to see who sold more cookies. The 3 incentives were: 1) Trip to Hawaii, 2) New Bike or 3) Nothing. This is an example of a ___. a. quasi-experiment b. true experiment c. correlational study Let’s try one true

48. Little more practice Ari conducted a watermelon seed spitting experiment. She wanted to know if people can spit farther if they get a running start. She tested 100 people. She randomly assigned them into one of two groups. One group stood still on the starting line and spit their watermelon seeds as far as they could. The second group was allowed to run up to the starting line before they spit their watermelon seeds. She measured how far each person spit their watermelon seeds. Please answer the following questions 1. What is the independent variable? 2. The independent variable: Is it continuous or discrete? 3. The independent variable: Is it nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio? 4. What is the dependent variable? 5. The dependent variable: Is it continuous or discrete? 6. The dependent variable: Is it nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio? 7. Is this a quasi or true experiment? 8. Is this a within or between participant design 9. Is this a single blind, double blind or not at all blind experiment? 10. Be sure to put your name and CID on this page

49. Little more practice Ari conducted a watermelon seed spitting experiment. She wanted to know if people can spit farther if they get a running start. She tested 100 people. She randomly assigned them into one of two groups. One group stood still on the starting line and spit their watermelon seeds as far as they could. The second group was allowed to run up to the starting line before they spit their watermelon seeds. She measured how far each person spit their watermelon seeds. Please answer the following questions 1. What is the independent variable? 2. The independent variable: Is it continuous or discrete? 3. The independent variable: Is it nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio? 4. What is the dependent variable? 5. The dependent variable: Is it continuous or discrete? 6. The dependent variable: Is it nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio? 7. Is this a quasi or true experiment? 8. Is this a within or between participant design 9. Is this a single blind, double blind or not at all blind experiment? 10. Be sure to put your name and CID on this page Running versus standing still Discrete Nominal Distance that the seed was spit Continuous Ratio True Experiment Between Not at all