1. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY, SIXTEENTH EDITION James N. Butcher/ Jill M. Hooley/ Susan Mineka Chapter 15 Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Maladaptive Behavior in Different Life Periods Developmental psychopathology Study of origins and course of individual maladaptation in context of normal growth processes © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Varying Clinical Pictures Some childhood disorders short- lived and nonspecific Others severely affect future development © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Varying Clinical Pictures Child inpatient psychiatric patients More likely than peers to die early in life More likely to die due to unnatural causes © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Varying Clinical Pictures True or false? Suicidal thoughts are uncommon in children. © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

6. Special Psychological Vulnerabilities of Young Children Young children are especially vulnerable to psychological problems They do not have as complex and realistic view of themselves and their world as they will have later They have less self-understanding They have not yet developed stable sense of identity They have not yet developed a clear understanding of what is expected of them and what resources they might have to deal with problems © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

7. The Classification of Childhood and Adolescent Disorders No categories for children’s disorders DSM-I included only two childhood disorders Early diagnostic systems More attention paid to developmental factors in creating and using diagnoses for children Recent systems © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

8. Common Disorders of Childhood Intellectual Disability is included in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

9. Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD Impulsive, overactive behavior that interferes with ability to accomplish tasks © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10. Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment methods Medications Behavior therapy Family therapy © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

11. Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder True or false? Research suggests that some children with ADHD go on to have ADHD or other psychological problems later in life. © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

12. Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder Oppositional defiant disorder Recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures that persists for at least six months Conduct disorder Persistent, repetitive violation of rules and disregard for rights of others © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

13. Three Subtypes of Oppositional Defiant Disorder Angry/Irritable Mood Argumentative/Defiant Behavior Vindictiveness © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

14. Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder Possible causesBiological factors Personal pathology Family patternsPeer relationships © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

15. Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder Effective treatments = cohesive family model and behavioral techniques Ineffective treatment = Punitive treatments © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

16. Anxiety and Depression in Children and Adolescents © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

17. Anxiety Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence Separation anxiety disorder Excessive anxiety about separation from major attachment figures, such as their mother, and from familiar home surroundings. © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

18. Anxiety Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence Characteristics Unrealistic fears OversensitivitySelf-consciousnessNightmaresChronic anxiety © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

19. Anxiety Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence Causes and treatments Pattern of early family relationships Psychopharmacological treatments and behavior therapy © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

20. Childhood Depression and Bipolar Disorder Depression Occurs with high frequency Depressed mood can be replaced by irritability © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

21. Childhood Depression and Bipolar Disorder Causal factors Biological and learning factors Medication plus psychotherapy Exposure to trauma Parental negative emotion/behavior © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

22. Childhood Depression and Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder Extreme mood swings and aggressive, irritable behavior Increasingly diagnosed in children and adolescents © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

23. Childhood Depression and Bipolar Disorder Yes or no? Bipolar disorder is being over-diagnosed in children. © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

24. Childhood Depression and Bipolar Disorder Treatment Antidepressant medications Supportive emotional environment Cognitive- behavioral therapy © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

25. Symptom Disorders: Enuresis, Encopresis, Sleepwalking, and Tics Functional enuresis Bedwetting that is not organically caused Age Gender © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

26. Symptom Disorders: Enuresis, Encopresis, Sleepwalking, and Tics Parasomnias Sleepwalking Incidence level Tics Persistent, intermittent muscle twitches or spasms, usually limited to a localized muscle group Incidence level Tourette’s disorder Extreme tic disorder involving multiple motor and vocal patterns © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

27. Neurodevelopmental Disorders Pervasive developmental disorders Severely disabling conditions that are among most difficult to understand and treat Autism Spectrum Disorder © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

28. Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide range of problematic behaviors Social deficit Absence of speech Self-stimulation Impaired intellectual ability Preoccupation with maintaining sameness © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

29. Autism Spectrum Disorder Cause Precise causes unknown Fundamental disturbance of central nervous system likely involved © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

30. Autism Spectrum Disorder Treatment Behavior of autistic children not normalized through treatment Newer instructional and behavior modification techniques may reduce some symptoms © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

31. Learning disabilities and intellectual disability Occur in children Can persist over life spans Limit future development and psychological growth © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

32. Learning Disorders Diagnosis of learning disorders Clear impairment in school performance or daily living activities Impairment not due to intellectual disability or pervasive developmental disorder © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

33. Learning Disorders Dyslexia Problems in word recognition and reading comprehension © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

34. Causal Factors in Learning Disorders Causes Possibly subtle central nervous system impairments © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

35. Treatments and Outcomes True or false? Because we do not yet have a confident grasp of what is wrong with the average LD child, we have limited success in treating these children. © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

36. Intellectual Disability Characterized by deficits in general mental abilities, such as reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience (APA 2013, p. 31). © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

37. Can you complete the following ranges? Mild intellectual disability includes the IQ range from ________to approximately ________ Moderate intellectual disability includes the IQ range from ________ to ________ Severe intellectual disability includes the IQ range from ________ to ________ Profound intellectual disability includes the IQ range below ________ Intellectual Disability © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

38. Causal Factors in Intellectual Disability Genetic-chromosomal factors Infections and toxic agents Trauma Ionizing radiation Malnutrition and other biological factors Some biological factors: © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

39. Organic Retardation Syndromes Intellectual disability stemming primarily from biological causes Down Syndrome Phenylketonuria Cranial anomalies © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

40. Treatments, Outcomes, and Prevention Treatment methods Institutionalization Education and inclusion programming © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

41. Planning Better Programs to Help Children and Adolescents Wide range of treatment procedures Wide range of outcomes Attention to special factors © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

42. Special Factors Associated with Treatment of Children and Adolescents Special factors associated with treatment for children and adolescents Child’s inability to seek assistance Vulnerabilities that place children at risk Need for treating parents as well as children Using parents as change agents Problems with placement outside family Intervening before problems become acute © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

43. Child Advocacy Programs International recognition of rights of children Still confusion, inconsistency, and uncertainty © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

44. Unresolved Issues Can society deal with delinquent behavior? © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.