1. MonthDayTopic Nov.8Individuals to populations 10Holiday! 13Populations to communities 15Community patterns 17Ecosystems 20Film-1 st showing 22Film-2 nd showing 24Holiday! 27Ecosystem services

2. Why do communities vary in space?

3. Communities vary in space Time Relief/aspect Parent material Climate Organisms

4. Terrestrial biome

5. A major community type that differs from other types in the structure of its dominant vegetation.

6. Terrestrial biome A major community type that differs from other types in the structure of its dominant vegetation. Primarily controlled by climate. –Relationship between rainfall and temperature

7. The vegetation of a biome has a similar appearance wherever on Earth that biome is found. In many cases, this is due to convergent evolution. Biomes

8. EuphorbiaceaeCactaceae

10. Tundra

11. -severe winters -short growing season, cool summer -arctic or alpine Tundra

13. Temperate Forest Temperate forest

14. -distinct winter season, frost a defining feature -summer season usually moist Temperate Forest

16. Desert

17. -hot or cold deserts exist -low precipitation

18. Desert

19. -found near the equator -temperature varies little from approximately 23°C -Over 2 m of rainfall Tropical Rain Forest

21. -canopy trees up to 55 m tall -largest biome, on an area basis -soils are generally unfertile -nutrients and carbon stored in plant biomass, not soils

22. Picture of sun

23. Solar energy drives global climates

24. Global atmospheric circulation

26. The amount of heat that an ecosystem receives is determined by: 1.The angle of the sun (latitude)

27. The amount of heat that an ecosystem receives is determined by: 1.The angle of the sun (latitude) 2.Altitude

28. The amount of heat that an ecosystem receives is determined by: 1.The angle of the sun (latitude) 2.Altitude 3.Wind

29. Local climate

30. Maui cloud Local climate

31. Land-shore system

32. The amount of heat that an ecosystem receives is determined by: 1.The angle of the sun (latitude) 2.Altitude 3.Wind 4.Ocean currents

33. Global oceanic circulation

35. Energy flow through ecosystems Only 5% of the solar energy that arrives on earth is captured by photosynthesis.

36. Energy flow through ecosystems Only 5% of the solar energy that arrives on earth is captured by photosynthesis. The energy captured powers life.

37. The 2 nd law of thermodynamics

38. When energy is converted from one form to another, some of it becomes unavailable to do work...

39. The 2 nd law of thermodynamics When energy is converted from one form to another, some of it becomes unavailable to do work... Key to understanding energy flow through ecosystems.

40. Gross primary productivity (GPP) The amount of energy that plants assimilate through photosynthesis.

41. Gross primary productivity (GPP) The amount of energy that plants assimilate through photosynthesis. CO 2 + H 2 O + light = energy compounds.

42. Gross primary productivity (GPP) The amount of energy that plants assimilate through photosynthesis. CO 2 + H 2 O + light = energy compounds. Fixed carbon = energy

43. Net primary productivity (NPP) GPP – plant respiration = NPP NPP is: –Food –Fiber –Fuel –Shelter

44. Climate drives NPP

45. NPP provides energy to heterotrophic organisms

46. Trophic levels Number of steps through which energy passes before an organisms uses it.

47. Trophic levels LevelSource of energy Primary producersSolar energy

48. Trophic levels LevelSource of energy Primary producersSolar energy HerbivoresPrimary producers

49. Trophic levels LevelSource of energy Primary producersSolar energy HerbivoresPrimary producers Primary carnivoresHerbivores Secondary carnivoresPrimary carnivores

50. Trophic levels LevelSource of energy Primary producersSolar energy HerbivoresPrimary producers Primary carnivoresHerbivores Secondary carnivoresPrimary carnivores OmnivoresEverything!

51. Trophic levels LevelSource of energy Primary producersSolar energy HerbivoresPrimary producers Primary carnivoresHerbivores Secondary carnivoresPrimary carnivores OmnivoresEverything! DecomposersDead things

52. Energy is lost between trophic levels Energy decreases as it moves from lower to higher trophic levels The “trophic pyramid”

56. The efficiency of energy transfer is determined by:

57. How much of the energy at one trophic level gets eaten by another trophic level

58. The efficiency of energy transfer is determined by: How much of the energy at one trophic level gets eaten by another trophic level How those organisms divide the ingested energy between production and respiration.

59. A food web

60. Food webs in real ecosystems are complex

61. Some ecosystems are not powered by direct sunlight

62. Deep sea vent ecosystems

63. Humans manipulate energy flow Forestry Agriculture Fisheries management Game management Land use change Burning fossil fuels...

64. Assume that energy transfer efficiency between trophic levels is 10%. a)How much grain would be required to produce 70 Kg of human biomass if that grain is first eaten by cows, and the cows are then eaten by humans? b)How much grain would be required to produce 70 Kg of human biomass if the humans ate the grain?