1. Islam

2. Foundations Bedouins Camel & sheep herders Inter-clan warfare
Polytheistic
Oral poetry, hospitality, loyalty, & bravery
Villages in oases
Arabia- middle of trade routes

4. Mecca Mecca- site of Kaaba Wealthy Quraysh tribe Allah- supreme god
Holiest site in Islam

5. Muhammed (570-632) Born in Mecca to a Quraysh family
Meditated in mountains
Koran (Qur'an)- record of his
revelations
Allah’s messenger-
“Seal of the prophets”
Arabic only
Corrective and addition to
Judaism, Christianity

6. Beliefs Muslim= submission to Allah
Denounced social practices in Mecca
Ended divisions among tribes
Society of all believers= umma
5 pillars of Islam
6th pillar= jihad
Greater jihad= internal struggle of good over evil
Lesser jihad= jihad of the sword

8. Early Islam Opposition from wealthy Meccans Fled to Medina- hijra
“City of the Prophet”
Served as mediator
Jewish trouble
Face Mecca
Early military successes
Consolidated Islamic control of Arabia
Returns to Mecca

10. Political Beliefs Christians- separation of church & state
Mohammed- religious and political figure
Religious & state law are the same
Sharia law

11. Current Events

12. Empire Building Attacked both Byzantine and Sassanid Empires
Uniting goal
Initially very tolerant of other religions
“People of the Book”= dhimmis
Dhimmis- protected, but 2nd class
Dhimmi tax= jizya
Separate from Jews, Christians about 100 years after Mohammed's death

14. Conversion Associated with powerful state Avoid jizya
Friendly towards commerce & merchants
Aided social mobility
Arabization
Resistance did exist

15. Division Unity difficult as empire expanded
Who will be the caliph? (Mohammed’s successor)
Conflicts among Muslims
1st 4 caliphs- Rightly Guided Caliphs ( )
Civil war among Islam
Sunni- select caliphs
Shia (Shi’ite)- Ali’s descendants
Shia felt persecuted

16. Islamic Empires
1st- Umayyad
2nd- Abbasids

17. Sufis
Islam’s mystics

18. Gender Roles Quran- men and women are equal Socially, women inferior
Female infanticide forbidden
Women did gain property rights
Divorce allowed
Pre-Islam traditions survived- honor killings, genital mutilation
Allowed slaves
More restrictions as Islam increased

19. Gender Roles (cont) Women increasingly removed from public life
Houses had rooms for unveiled women
Seclusion less possible for lower class
Separation of the sexes increased piety

20. Ibn Battuta Famous traveler Similar to Marco Polo Famous writings
Showed unity of Islam around the world

21. India Brought by Turkic warriors
Violent, destroyed Hindu/ Buddhist temples
Grew in non-Hindu areas (NW India)
Converts were low caste/ class
Never more than 20-25% of population
Equality of all believers vs. caste
Deeply offended by erotic Hindu art
Islam- too exclusive to be accepted
Sikhism- elements of Islam (Sufi) and Hinduism

22. Anatolia (Turkey) Largely Christian/ Greek culture Invaded by Turks
Massive cultural transformation- 90% Muslim by 1500
Became heart of Ottoman Empire
Massacres, enslavement, famine, and flight- sharp decline in native population
Smaller pop= quicker demographic changes
Churches destroyed, Christians discriminated

24. West Africa Spread via traders across Sahara Mainly urban centers
Important link for trading partners
Literate bureaucrats for kings
Cities (ex: Timbuktu) became important centers of intellectual life
Libraries had 1,000s of books (wealth)
Rural spread in 19th century
Local traditions mixed with Islam
Mansa Musa- ruler of Mali, pilgrim to Mecca w/gold

27. Spain Culture included Jews, Christians, and Muslims
By % Muslim
Harmony at first
10th & 11th centuries- warfare, persecution, and segregation
Christians take Spain back around 1200, united by Ferdinand & Isabella in 1492
Muslims move out, Jews (200,000) expelled
El Alahmbra

29. Legacy Lost political center, maintained cultural empire
Threatened by Mongols, Crusades
First global civilization
Common commitment to Islam
Preserved by ulama
Islamic Green Revolution- food