1. M. Tommasini a, M. Innocenti b, G. Adembri a, M. Gherardelli a, P.F. Pellegrini a, G. Poli a Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea The European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories (b) Satellite Receiving Station University of Firenze (Prato Campus - PIN), Italy (a) Electronics & Telecommunications Department (DET) University of Florence, Italy 4th Workshop on Remote Sensing of the Coastal Zone "Coasts and Climate Conflicts" June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece

2. 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 2 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea Laboratory presentation Archive of satellite data Data processing procedure Results Conclusions Overview

3. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 3 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea http://maresat.ing.unifi.it Prato, Italy [ 43°53',134 N; 11°05',942 E] Direct reception of data from METEOSAT7, MSG, NOAA satellites Software development for real-time satellite data processing Availability of TOVS-ATOVS, SSM/I, MODIS data Maintenance and updating of the Receiving Station data archives (satellite data available since 1997) Network services for m anagement and sharing of archive products The Satellite Receiving Station (SATLAB) of University of Florence (Prato Campus) - Italy: Direct reception and real-time elaboration of satellite data

4. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 4 SATLAB: Hardware for receiving and real-time processing of satellite data METEOSAT7, MSG reception antenna (Ku band) NOAA satellite reception antenna Hardware for data acquisition and processing Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea

5. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 5 Satellite Receiving Station (SATLAB - PIN): Archives of satellite products – Data Storage Satellite productsAvailable imagesPeriod AVHRR-NOAA Raw data32‘00013.07.1997 – 30.11.2008 MVIRI-METEOSAT7 Raw data80'250 22.02.2001 – 01.01.2002 20.12.2003 – 31.12.2006 SEVIRI-MSG Raw data90'00001.01.2006 – 30.11.2008 SSM/I-DMSP Raw data5'06001.01.1998 – 31.05.2007 SeaWiFS-SeaStar Raw data7907.10.1997 – 03.03.1998 Projected LST, NDVI (Sicily)23001.04.2006 – 30.08.2006 Projected SST (Tuscany)3'50013.07.1997 – 30.11.2008 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea

6. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 6 Satellite Receiving Station (SATLAB - PIN): Time schedule of passages and Coverage Area Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea

7. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 7 Telecommunications Laboratory, DET - University of Florence: Algorithms and procedural development of data processing Continuous, regional environmental monitoring Development and calibration of algorithms for land/sea geophysical product estimation from satellite data Development of procedures for satellite data analysis http://labtele.det.unifi.it Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea

8. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 8 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea Data processing procedures 2164 passes of NOAA 12, 15, 17 and 18, with maximum elevation exceeding 50° over Tuscany region, were considered

9. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 9 Data processing procedures First step: count extraction and data geolocation Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea Suite software ‘AmEDIT’ extraction of the geographical area of interest from received satellite raw data (count); extraction of the time-code for every scan line; time-code regeneration for those HRPT frames which are recognized as wrong or not present; clock error correction [4]; data geolocation, based on orbital parameters and scanning geometry [5]; calculation of sun distance, sun-satellite elevation and azimuth angles; detection of corrupted pixels in received data count radiometric calibration for obtaining sensor brightness temperature;

10. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 10 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea SST measurements with cloud classification; Mercator projection, using WGS-84 Datum and cloud-land-sea masking, obtained by segmented interpolation, in order to improve SST detection near the coast [3]; data registration in Mercator projection; computation of SST monthly average maps on a pixel basis; SST mean evaluation in elliptic or rectangular sub-zones of the region of interest; SST monthly mean plotting in the considered time interval, in order to compare the behaviour of the different sub-zones. Data processing procedures Second step: SST measurements, cloud classification, Mercator projection

11. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 11 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea Data processing procedures Sea Surface Temperature evaluation and Cloud filtering algorithm

12. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 12 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea Data processing procedures Sea Surface Temperature evaluation MCSST = B 1 (T 4 ) + B 2 (T 4 -T 5 ) + B 3 (T 4 -T 5 )[sec(q) –1] - B 4 [K] Where: MCSSTSST evaluated with a multi-channel algorithm T4T4 Brightness temperature for channel 4 (10.8 μm) T5T5 Brightness temperature for channel 5 (12 μm) sec(q)Secant of satellite zenith angle Coefficients B i, i = 1, …, 4, vary with the considered satellite and are different for day-time or night-time.

13. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 13 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea Data processing procedures Cloud filtering algorithm 1 st test on MCSST(u,v) [0.01 K]CLD 1 (Cloud index of 1 st test) MCSST < 274164 27416 < MCSST ≤ (SSTm – ScTM)3 (SSTm – ScTM) < MCSST ≤ SSTm2 MCSST > (SSTm + ScTM)3 2 nd test on Grad(MCSST) [0.01 K]CLD 2 (Cloud index of 2 nd test) Grad(MCSST) ≥ 200CLD 1 +3 150 ≤ Grad(MCSST) < 200CLD 1 +2 Grad(MCSST) < 150CLD 1 When CLD≥3, the pixel is flagged as cloudy SSTm = Average SST of the past year ScTM = 10 °C

14. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 14 Examples of Cloud-Land-Sea Mask Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea Example of Cloud-Land-Sea mask: only the area of the Tuscan region has been classified

15. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 15 Examples of geolocated products (JPEG format) Product title: Monthly average Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Mercator (WGS84) Map of Tuscany Date/time: 12 Oct 2008 / 15:27 UTC Product type: Geolocated JPEG image registered with segmented interpolation Data source: AVHRR/NOAA Represent. scale: 1:2'000'000 Temperature palette: 6 – 26°C Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea

16. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 16 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea Data processing procedures Evaluation of the monthly mean SST zi(u,v) of coordinate pixel (u,v) for 16 bit/pixel SST image i th T SST is considered between SST min (273.16 K) and SST max (305.16 K) weight matrix p(u,v)

17. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 17 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea Data processing procedures Evaluation of the SST monthly mean sum matrix s(u, v) SST monthly mean formula m(u,v)

18. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 18 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea Examples of SST monthly averages (Noaa-16) : 1. August2001 2. January 2002 3. August 2002 4. January 2003 5. August2003 1 2 35 4

19. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 19 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea Examples of SST monthly averages (Noaa-17) : 1. August2005 2. January 2006 3. August 2006 4. January 2008 5. August2008 1 2 35 4

20. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 20 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea Examples of SST monthly averages (Noaa-18) : 1. August2005 2. January 2006 3. August 2006 4. January 2008 5. August2008 1 2 35 4

21. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 21 Work description – Area of study and sub-zone The studied region is the sea between Tuscany and the coast of Corsica, including the various islands of the Tuscan Archipelago, whose limits are: lat1 = 42° 12’ N lat2 = 44° 30’ N lon1 = 09° 12’ E lon4 = 12° 24’ E The elliptical zones have a surface of about 102 square nM, while the rectangular zones have a surface of about 543 square nM. Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea

22. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 22 Work description – Area of study and sub-zone Space Temporal Analysis Comparison between the average evolution over the Sea of Tuscany and trends on local areas Monthly Average Calculations Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea 100 101 111 113 117 120 106 108

23. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 23 Monthly Average Calculations Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea NOAA-16NOAA-15, NOAA-17, NOAA-18 Month index Corresponding month Month indexCorresponding month 007 2001007 2005.... 2508 20031411 2006 2601 20041511 2007... 4508 20052810 2008 Table of correspondances between month indices and corresponding time period of AVHRR data acquisition: from July 2001 – August 2005 with NOAA-16 satellite data and from July 2001 – August 2005 with NOAA-15, NOAA-17 and NOAA-18 satellite data.

24. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 24 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea Monthly average SST obtained from July 2001 to August 2005 from AVHRR Noaa-16 Satellite data Longshore Tuscan Sea (column 1), Offshore Tuscan Sea (column 2).

25. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 25 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea Monthly average SST obtained from July 2005 to October 2008 from AVHRR Satellite data: Noaa-15 (row 1), Noaa-17 (row 2), Longshore Tuscan Sea (column 1) Offshore Tuscan Sea (column 2).

26. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 26 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea Monthly average SST obtained from July 2005 to October 2008 from AVHRR Satellite data: Noaa-15 (row 1), Noaa-18 (row 2), Longshore Tuscan Sea (column 1) Offshore Tuscan Sea (column 2).

27. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 27 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea Average SST trends calculated for July 2005 – October 2008 period with NOAA15 (column 1), NOAA17 (column 2) and NOAA18 (column 3) in the coastal areas (row 1) and open sea areas (row 2) of the Tuscan Sea.

28. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 28 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea Average SST trends calculated for July 2005 – October 2008 period with NOAA15-17-18, starting from left over the whole area, over zone 100 (i.e. for coastal sea ) and over zone 120 (i.e. for open sea ).

29. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 29 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea daytime data from Noaa-17 nighttime data from Noaa-17 nighttime data from Noaa-18 daytime data from Noaa-18 Average SST trends calculated for July 2005 – October 2008 Longshore Tuscan Sea

30. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 30 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea daytime data from Noaa-17 nighttime data from Noaa-17 nighttime data from Noaa-18daytime data from Noaa-18 Average SST trends calculated for July 2005 – October 2008, Offshore Tuscan Sea

31. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 31 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea a.Temperatures were colder (up to more than 2 °C), from the mouth of Magra up to Livorno, than the average of the total Tuscan sea format or of the other coastal zones between Piombino and the south of the Argentario; b.There are substantial differences (up to of 2 °C) between the various offshore zones, mainly in September and October. An example is the open sea between Corsica and Cinque Terre and the northern and southern regions of Elba. Conclusions (1/2)

32. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 32 Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea c.Results of elaborations carried out on NOAA-17/AVHRR data show colder temperatures in summer than those from other satellite sensors. Specifically, SST means from NOAA-15 and NOAA-18 are warmer, up to 2 degrees, than those from NOAA-17. Winter temperatures from the different sensors are comparable. d.A difference between day and night temperatures from NOAA-17 is detectable in summer, whereas it is not evident in winter. A larger difference between day and night temperatures is obtained from NOAA-18 data. Conclusions (2/2)

33. June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece 29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe 33 Thank you for your attention! Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea