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2. Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. 1. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

3. -All living things are made of small structures called cells. -Cell is the smallest unit of life. 2

4. HISTORY OF THE CELL

5.  One of the first people to see cells. Cork Cells  Looked at Cork Cells.  First to use the word cells- named them for the places that monks sleep in the monastery. 3 cork English scientist 1665

6. Theodor Schwann Concluded that all animals are made up of cells 5 1839

7. Concluded that all Plants are made up of cells 6 Clip 1839 Matthias Schleiden

8. AAAAll living things are made up of cells CCCCells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things AAAAll cells come from pre- existing cells 7

10. Cells are ~90% water. 7

11. Of the dry weight:  50% protein  15% carbohydrate  15% nucleic acid  10% lipid  10% miscellaneous Approximate composition by element:  60% H  25% O  12% C  5% N 8

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14. DO HAVE CCell membrane RRibosomes DDNA DO NOT HAVE OOrganelles NNucleus Are all singled celled organisms--ex: Bacteria Thought of as more ancient life forms…they came first. They still carry out all of life’s functions! 9

15.  Have organelles.  Believed to have evolved from prokaryotic cells  Believed to have evolved from prokaryotic cells (Theory of Endosymbiosis).Theory of Endosymbiosis  Can be singled- celled or multi- cellular organisms. ◦ ex: plants, animals, fungi, protista 10

16. 11 Animation

17.  “Function dictates form”  Humans have ~200 cell types  All cells do not look alike ◦ Ex: Nerve cells long and spindly ◦ Cells that store fat are rounded &large ◦ Structural cells are square

18. 11 Size differences: Pro:.1-10 μm Eu: 10-100 μm Cells come in many different shapes & sizes.Cells come in many different shapes & sizes. Smaller cells-faster at moving materials into and out of. Surface to volume ratio…not enough surface area to get enough food in when they get too bigSmaller cells-faster at moving materials into and out of. Surface to volume ratio…not enough surface area to get enough food in when they get too big

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20. TThe outside of all cells are surrounded by a membrane made of p pp phospholipids. NNickname: “The gatekeeper” 13 Basic Cell Structure Selectively Permeable (Semi-permeable)

21.  Membrane molecules are held in place by relatively weak hydrophobic interactions.  Most can drift laterally, but rarely flip-flop from one layer to the other. about as fluid as salad oil Animation 14

22. Plant and Fungi cells also have a cell wall outside of the cell membrane. 15 Plant cell wall are made of Cellulose. Fungi cell walls are made of Chitin.

23.  Cell walls can also be found in fungi and bacteria.  The cell wall provides support and protection for these cells.  In plants, the cell wall is made of the carbohydrate cellulose. 16

26. The cytoplasm contains all of the organelles in eukaryotic cells. 19

27.  Cells are filled with organelles that each do something to keep the cell alive.  The jelly-like insides of a cell is called cytoplasm. 20

28.  Each organelle has a specific function so that the cell can do its job. ◦ Each organelle has its own job!  How do organelles help a cell? ◦ More efficient! They divide the labor and provide different environments for different functions.  Remember: ONLY EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE ORGANELLES!!!! 21

29. OOrganelle means “tiny organ.” OOrganelles function together to help the cell carry out all of life’s activities!! 22

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31. TThe “Brain” CContains the DNA DDNA controls which proteins get made-and when! WWhere ribosomes are made 24

32. TThe nucleus has a phospholipid bilayer around it. TThe nuclear pores allow substances to move into and out of the nucleus. TThe DNA N NN NEVER leaves the nucleus. 25

34.  Not technically an organelles.  Nickname: “protein maker”  Place where proteins are made.  They help put the amino acids together to make proteins.  Made of the nucleic Acid- RNA 27

36. 1. Smooth ◦ No attached ribosomes 2. Rough ◦ Attached ribosomes 30

37.  Membrane system that’s function involves protein synthesis and transport.  Can be thought of as a highway and a place of protein synthesis. 29

38. ER branches off from the nuclear membrane. 31

40. NNickname: “UPS” PPackages molecules and sends them to their destination. AAlso checks to make sure the molecules are put together correctly, if not correct it sends them back to the ER. 33 p. 175

41. Animation

43. Vesicles are packages of material that are being transported. 35

44.  Nickname “Recycling Center”  Has digestive enzymes that breakdown and recycle molecules.  Old cell parts  Invaders 36

46. Storage and transport containers. one large  Plants usually have one large vacuole. many small  Animals generally have many small ones. intracellular digestionrelease of cellular waste  A vacuole is a membrane-bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion & the release of cellular waste products. 37 When used for Transport: Sometimes known as vesicles.

47. turgor pressure  Vacuoles play a role in turgor pressure in plant cells. ◦ When a plant is well-watered, water collects in cell vacuoles producing rigidity in the plant. ◦ Without sufficient water, pressure in the vacuole is reduced and the plant wilts. 38

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49. Site of photosynthesis in plants and some protists. Requires sunlight. 40

50.  Nickname: “Powerhouse”  Helps breakdown glucose for energy.  Site of ATP production ◦ ATP is the universal energy molecule ◦ Energy is stored in the bonds of ATP. 41

51.  Help single celled organisms to move.  cilia - short, numerous  flagella - longer, fewer

53.  Gives cells their shape.  Contain proteins: microtubules and microfilaments. ◦ Microfilaments shape movement ◦ Microfilaments help give the cell shape, and movement in cytoplasm. ◦ Microtubules chromosome movement ◦ Microtubules aids in chromosome movement, movement of organelles, cilia and flagella. homeostasis ◦ Without the cytoskeleton, the cell would have no shape. By allowing the cell to keep shape, the cell is allowed to function and stay in homeostasis. 42

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55. Cell membrane Endoplasmicreticulum Microtubule Microfilament Ribosomes Michondrion44

56. Smart board Review  Animal cell Animal cell  Plant Cell Plant Cell

57. Clip

58. CCells make up t tt tissues. TTissues make up O OO Organs. OOrgans make up o oo organ systems. OOrgan Systems make up o oo organisms. 48

59.  http://www.jackson.k12.ga.us/teachers/jawal l/BioVideos/Parts_of_an_Animal_Cell.asf http://www.jackson.k12.ga.us/teachers/jawal l/BioVideos/Parts_of_an_Animal_Cell.asf  http://www.jackson.k12.ga.us/teachers/jawal l/BioVideos/Parts_of_a_Plant_Cell.asf http://www.jackson.k12.ga.us/teachers/jawal l/BioVideos/Parts_of_a_Plant_Cell.asf  http://www.jackson.k12.ga.us/teachers/jawal l/BioVideos/Plant_and_Animal_Cells.asf http://www.jackson.k12.ga.us/teachers/jawal l/BioVideos/Plant_and_Animal_Cells.asf