1. CHAPTERS 25 & 27: Plants High School Biology Class

2. CHAPTER 25-1 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN SEEDLESS PLANTS

3. Reproduction in Seedless Plants Nonvascular & Seedless Vascular (seedless plants) reproduce by making gametophyte spores. A) Archegonium structures produce egg spores that are large, contain lots of cytoplasm, and cannot move. B) Antherdium structures produce sperm spores that are small, have flagella, and reach eggs by swimming through water.

4. Fertilization for seedless plants usually occurs during or soon after rain, when the spores are covered with water. Only then can the sperm swim to the egg. Once together they form a sporophyte, which can then continue its life cycle. Reproduction in Seedless Plants

6. CHAPTER 25-2 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN SEED PLANTS

7. Gymnosperms & Angiosperms (seed plants) do not release spores in rain like other plants. Instead, their spores remain within their tissues and develop into male or female gametophyte seeds. Reproduction in Seed Plants

8. Examples of Seed Structures: a) Pollen Grain - male gametophyte (wind and animals transport pollen grains) b) Ovule - female gametophyte (remains with the plant)

9. Reproduction Terms Seed Coat - the hardened outer cell layers of an ovule that protects the embryo. Pollination - transfer of pollen grains from the male structures to the female structures.

10. Reproduction Parts Cotyledon - leaf-like structures (seed leaves) that are a part of the embryo. a. Gymnosperms – have two or more cotyledons b. Angiosperms : i. Monocots – have 1 cotyledon ii. Dicots – have 2 cotyledons

12. Gymnosperms – type of plant where gametophytes develop within cones. Angiosperms – type of plant where the gametophytes develop within flowers. Reproduction in Seed Plants

13. Angiosperm - Flowers Flowers Have Four Whorls: 1. Sepals – the outermost (first) whorls for protection when the flower is a bud. 2. Petals – the second whorls are used to attract the pollinators.

14. Angiosperm - Flowers 3. Stamens – third whorl that make pollen. Anther – pollen-producing sac on top of stamen. 4. Pistils – fourth whorl produces ovules. Ovary – the pistil’s swollen lower portion is the spot where the ovules develop. Style – the stalk that rises from ovary. Stigma – the swollen, sticky tip of style.

18. Examples of Flower Pollinators: a. Bees b. Flies c. Moths d. Hummingbirds e. Bats f. Wind

19. CHAPTER 25-3 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

20. CHAPTER 27-1 HOW PLANTS GROW AND DEVELOP

21. Seed Growth Seeds sprout in response to the environmental conditions. A seed cannot sprout until water and oxygen penetrate the seed coat.

22. Seed Growth Germination - process in which a plant embryo resumes its growth.

23. Patterns of Growth 1) Primary Growth – growth that increases the strength or height of a plant. Apical Meristems – located at the lips of stems & roots perform primary growth.

24. Patterns of Growth 2) Secondary Growth – growth that increases the width of stems and roots. Vascular Cambium – meristems that lie under the cuticle (bark) produce secondary growth.

25. Three Types Of Plants Based On Life Spans of the Plant

26. A) Perennials: A plant that lives for several years. Examples: i. Herbaceous - Chrysanthemums, Daffodils, Irises ii. Woody - Trees, Shrubs, Vines

27. B) Annuals: A plant that completes its life cycle and then dies within one growing season. Examples: Sunflowers, Beans, Corn, Weeds

28. C) Biennials: Flowering plants that take two growing seasons to complete their life cycle. - 1 st Season: produces roots and shoots - 2 nd Season: produces flowering stalk Examples: Carrots, Parsley, Onions

29. Any Questions? “The mind has exactly the same power as the hands; not merely to grasp the world, but to change it.”--Colin Wilson “Hard work spotlights the character of people: Some turn up their sleeves, some turn up their noses, and some don’t turn up at all.” --Sam Ewig