1. Phases of Water
Paul Doherty

2. 0.006 _
bar
triple point

3. Water vapor is invisible
Gas
Water vapor is invisible

4. Liquid drops are visible.
Water Gas ?
Liquid drops are visible.

5. Water vapor bubbles in a liquid are visible.

6. 0.006_
bar
At the triple point Solid, Liquid and gas exist together in equilibrium. At the critical point gas and liquid become indistinguishable.

7. Sweat droplets on skin: evaporation, (not eqilibrium.)

8. The vapor pressure above water is higher than above ice.

9. Reduce the presure on water and it will boil at room temperature.
Water Boiler
Reduce the presure on water and it will boil at room temperature.

10. Pressure in a bubble increases as radius decreases.
Bubbles
Pin = Pout + 4T/r
Pressure in a bubble increases as radius decreases.
Where T is the surface tension in N/m

11. Surface tension is a result of the attractive forcs between molecules.

12. Water Freezer
Freeze water
by lowering
the external pressure
causing boiling
and temperature
reduction.
Boiling is
a cooling process.

13. The temperature of the water increases slowly.
Geyser
The temperature of the water increases slowly.
The pressure can change at the speed of sound. Creating an eruption.

14. Liquid water in contact with solid water

15. Ice is a mineral, water is molten ice.

16. Liquid Water
Soid Water, ice
less dense.

17. Density of Water Vs
Temperature
and
Pressure
At 1 bar Ice floats
on water

18. To see an iceberg
Float an ice balloon

19. Ice
hexagonal
crystal

20. Electric dipole moment of water.
red -
blue +

21. Walking among large antarctic ice crystals

22. Large antarctic ice crystal

23. Ice takes on the structure of liquid water, near the surface at temperatures near 0 °C, this makes ice slippery.

24. Supercooled rain crystallizes when it hits a surface.
Without a nucleation site the homogenious nucleation temperature is -42C
Frezing is a warming process, freezing water releases heat.

25. Watch Water Freeze
In this exhibit water is cooled below freezing and remains a liquid until a “seed” causes ice crystal nucleation. Then the entire liquid crystallizes.

27. A 20 cm diameter snowflake.
Supercooled water nucleated freezing into a hexagonal crystal.

28. Water
made from
lighter isotopes
evaporates
more rapidly.

29. Here, water is Solid Liquid and Gas in contact but NOT in equilibrium
Yellowstone Norris Geyser Basin

30. Mars atmosphere has places at the triple point of water
Here water ice has crystallized as snow on Mars.
Image from the Viking Lander.

31. Mars Phoenix Lander Water Ice

32. at -100C vaor pressure is 0.0014 Pa
Water Ice on Tempel 1
at -100C vaor pressure is Pa
at 20 C it is 2300 Pa

34. Ice at -1 C hardness 1.5 Mohs scale hardness 4 at -44C
ice carved granite in antarctica.

35. It’s more complicated than that. MOre of the phase diagram of water.

36. It is denser than liquid water.
On Europa Ice 3 may form.
It is denser than liquid water.
A water ocean on Europa may be sandwiched between ice 1h on the top and ice 3 on the bottom.

37. Pluto Ice geology

38. Pluto water ice in blue

39. Enceladus

40. Enceladus Geysers

42. Titan Rivers

43. Titan Hydrocarbon Lakes

44. Titan Surface
Water Ice Boulders

45. Mars Salty water Streaks
Sodium Perchlorate, Magnesium Perchlorate

46. Mars Seasonal Water Flow

47. Superheated water