1. PRENATAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES

2. Teratogen: any environmental agent that causes damage during prenatal period. Harmful cases lead to babies with major developmental issues.

3. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TERATOGENS Dose: larger dose over longer time periods usually have more negative effects. Heredity: genetic makeup of mother and the developing organism plays an important role.

4. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TERATOGENS Other negative influences: poor nutrition, lack of medical care Age of the prenatal organism (Graph of development)

5. TYPES OF TERATOGENS: Prescription/ Nonprescription Drugs: any drug taken by the mother can enter the embryonic/fetal bloodstream. Aspirin: low birth weight, death around the time of birth, poor motor development, and lower intelligence test scores in early childhood.

6. TYPES OF TERATOGENS: Caffeine: (coffee) heavy caffeine intake (more than 3 cups of coffee per day) is associated with low birth weight, premature, miscarriage, newborn withdrawals- irritability and vomiting

7. TYPES OF TERATOGENS: Illegal Drugs: use of highly addictive mood-altering drugs like cocaine and heroin. Effects on child: low motor development, jittery, difficult to calm down, cuddling, feeding and language skills.

8. TYPES OF TERATOGENS: Tobacco: most common effect is low birth weight, placenta sometimes grows abnormally, carbon monoxide displaces oxygen from red blood cells and damages central nervous system.

9. TYPES OF TERATOGENS: Alcohol: no amount of alcohol is advised while pregnant. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: result of mother drinking while pregnant, includes mental retardation, slow physical growth and facial abnormalities. Fetal Alcohol Effects : condition of children who display some but not all symptoms. Usually mother did not drink as much during pregnancy.

10. FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME

11. PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS: Sonogram: ultrasound images, uses high- frequency sound waves to produce a picture of the fetus. Can reveal problems such as an abnormally small head or other body malformations.

12. PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS: Amniocentesis: about half an ounce of fluid surrounding the fetus, inside the placenta, is withdrawn through the mothers abdominal wall with a syringe.

13. PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS: Chorionic Villi Sampling: a sample of placental tissue that surround the fetus obtained and analyzed, advantage is that it can be performed as early as the sixth week of pregnancy.