1. 312 PHT Nahla S. Barakat, Ph.D King Saud University Dept. of Pharmaceutics Second Term 1433-2012 1 112/13/2015

2. Solution is a homogenous mixture composed of two or more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. A common example is a solid, such as salt or sugar, dissolved in water, a liquid.mixturesolutesolventsolidsaltsugarwaterliquid Gases may dissolve in liquids, for example:carbon dioxide or oxygen in water. Gasesdissolvearbon dioxideoxygen Liquids may dissolve in other liquids. Gases can combine with other gases to form mixtures, rather than solutions. 2 212/13/2015

3. Possible Types of Solutions solid in solid e.g. brass solid in liquid e.g. sugar in water solid in gas e.g. mothball in air liquid in solid e.g. dental amalgam liquid in liquid e.g. ethanol in water liquid in gas e.g. water in air gas in solid e.g. hydrogen in palladium gas in liquid e.g. O 2 in water gas in gas e.g. oxygen in nitrogen Of the nine possible types of solutions, you are probably most familiar with those in which the solvent is a liquid, especially those in which the solvent is water. 3 312/13/2015

4. Advantage of solutions 1.Liquids are easier to swallow 2.A drug must be in solution before it can be absorbed 3.A solution is an homogenous system, the drug will be uniformly distributed throughout the preparation 4.Some drugs can irritate the gastric mucosa if localized in one area. Irritation is reduced by administration of a solution of the drug 4 412/13/2015

5. Problem associated with the manufacturing of solutions Liquids are bulky and inconvenient to transport and store The stability of ingredients in aqueous solution is often poor than in solid dosage form Solution provide suitable media for the growth of micro- organisms and may require the addition of preservative Accurate dose measuring depends on the ability of patient to measure the dose The taste of a drug is always pronounced when it in solution 5 512/13/2015

6. Aqueous solutions and non-aqueous solutions Aqueous solutions Solutions that contain water as the solvent are called aqueous solutions. For example, sugar in water, carbon dioxide in water, etc. Non-aqueous solutions Solutions that contain a solvent other than water are called non-aqueous solutions. Ether, benzene, petrol, carbon tetrachloride etc., are some common solvents. or example, sulphur in carbon disulphide, naphthalene in benzene, etc. 6 612/13/2015

7. Concentrated solutions and dilute solutions Between two solutions, the solute quantity may be relatively more or less. The solution that has a greater proportion of solute is said to be more concentrated than the other that has a lesser proportion. If the proportion of solute is less, the solution is said to be dilute. 7 712/13/2015

8. Saturated and unsaturated solutions Saturated Solution A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature is called a saturated solution Unsaturated solution A solution in which more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature is called an unsaturated solution. A given solution that is saturated at a particular temperature may become unsaturated when the temperature is increased. 8 812/13/2015

9. Solubility and Miscibility Different substances have different solubilities. Solubility refers to the maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in an amount of solvent under specific temperature and pressure conditions. A substance that cannot be dissolved in another (or does so to a very limited extent) is said to be insoluble. 9 912/13/2015

10. Solubility of a solute Solubility is defined as the number of grams of a solute that dissolves in 100g of a solvent to form a saturated solution at a given temperature and pressure Solubility is the maximum weight of a solute that can be dissolved in 100g of a solvent at a given temperature and pressure Solubility = Wt of solute in saturated solution  100 Wt of solvent in saturated solution 10 12/13/2015

11. Relative terms of solubility parts of solvent required for 1 part of solute Very soluble  1 Freely soluble 1-10 Soluble 10-30 Sparingly soluble 30-100 Slightly soluble 100-1000 Very slightly soluble 1000-10,000 Practically insoluble  10,000 11 12/13/2015

12. Miscibility refers to the ability of a liquid to dissolve in another in all proportions. Alcohols like methanol and ethanol are miscible with water. There is no limit to the amount of these alcohols that can be dissolved in water - they dissolve in all proportions. When a liquid does not dissolve in another to any extent, the liquids are said to be immiscible. Oil and water are immiscible. 12 12/13/2015

13. Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes One way to distinguish between solutions that contain ions and those that contain molecules is an electrical conductivity test. 13 12/13/2015

14. A solution that conducts electrical current is said to be electrolytic and the solute is called an electrolyte. The sodium chloride solution is an electrolytic solution. The solute in a solution that does not conduct electrical current is a non-electrolyte. Examples include: sugar sugar, urea, glycerol, and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM.ureaglycerolmethylsulfonylmethane Generally, dissociated ionic compounds are electrolytes whereas dissolved molecular compounds are non-electrolytes. 14 12/13/2015

15. Units of Measure in Solutions Concentrations are often given in terms of weight/volume. For example, mg/L, or mg/100 mL (common clinical units). A Molar Solution is an aqueous solution consisting of one mole of a substance plus enough water to make one Liter of solution. A Molal Solution is an aqueous solution consisting of one mole of a substance plus 1 kg of water (usually very close to 1 L water). The total volume may thus be more than 1 L. 15 12/13/2015

16. 16 Parts per million (PPM). Parts per million works like percent by mass, but is more convenient when there is only a small amount of solute present. PPM is defined as the mass of the component in solution divided by the total mass of the solution multiplied by 10 6 one million A solution with a concentration of 1 ppm has 1 gram of substance for every million grams of solution. in general, one ppm implies one mg of solute per liter of solution.

17. Terms of expression the strength of pharmaceutical preparations Percentage (%) % w/v 1g in 100 mL preparation %v/v 1mL in 100 mL preparation % w/w 1 g in 100 g preparation Ratio strength: weight in volume (1:1000 w/v= 1g constituent in 1000 mL preparation) volume in volume (1:1000 v/v = 1ml constituent in 1000 mL preparation) weight in weight (1:1000 w/w = 1 g constituent in 1000 g preparation) 17 12/13/2015

18. Factors Affecting Solubility Temperature will affect solubility. If the solution process absorbs energy then the solubility will be INCREASED as the temperature is increased. If the solution process releases energy then the solubility will DECREASE with increasing temperature Mechanical stirring Mechanical stirring increases solubility. For example, sugar dissolves faster on stirring with a spoon. pH of the solvent (examples include weak acids and weak base) 18 12/13/2015

19. Molecular Size will affect the solubility. The larger the molecule or the higher its molecular weight the less soluble the substance will be. Larger molecules are more difficult to surround with solvent molecules in order to solvate the substance. In the case of organic compounds the amount of carbon "BRANCHING" will increase the solubility since more branching will reduce the size (or volume) of the molecule and make it easier to solvate the molecules with solvent. 19 12/13/2015

20. An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water.solutionsolvent As water is an excellent solvent as well as naturally abundant.solvent Substances that do not dissolve well in water are called hydrophobic )'water fearing') whereas those that do are known as hydrophilic (Water-loving'). hydrophobichydrophilic An example of a hydrophilic substance would be the sodium chloride, ordinary table salt.sodium chloride 20 12/13/2015

21. Aqueous solutions Types of pharmaceutical water Purified water, USP Water for injection Aromatic water Physiological compatibility Lack of toxicity Possesses a high dielectric constant ensuring the dissolution of a wide range of ionizable materials Lack of selectivity 21 12/13/2015

22. I- Some solvents for liquid preparations Alcohol The most useful solvent in pharmacy (orally and parenterally) It form hydroalcoholic mixture with water that dissolves both alcohol-soluble and water-soluble substances It is miscible with water and can dissolve many water- insoluble ingredients, including drug substances, flavorants, preservatives. It is used as antimicrobial preservative (15%) Toxicity of ingested alcohol particularly for children. 22 12/13/2015

23. Diluted alcohol Is prepared by mixing equal volumes of alcohol and purified water (50%) Alcohol, Rubbing Alcohol rubbing compound It contains about 70% ethyl alcohol by volume It is employed as a rubefacient externally and as soothing rub for bedridden patients, a germicide for instruments As vehicle for topical preparation As skin cleanser before injection 23 12/13/2015

24. Glycerol It is a clear syrup liquid with sweet taste It is miscible with water and alcohol As solvent it is compatible with alcohol It is used as a stabilizer and as auxiliary solvent It has preservative qualities It is used in internal preparations Isopropyl rubbing alcohol Is about 70% by volume isopropyl alcohol, with or without colour additives, stabilizers and perfume oils It is used externally as a rubefacient and soothing rub and for topical products It is less likely to be abused 24 12/13/2015

25. Propylene glycol A viscous liquid, miscible with water, glycerol and alcohol It is substituted for glycerol in modern pharmaceutical preparations It is used for formulation of digoxin, diazepam, phenobarbital injection As diluent for ear drops PEG 400 Is used as a solvent in topical solution Used as co-solvent with alcohol and water Can be used for extraction processes In the formulation of veterinary solutions 25 12/13/2015

26. Ethyl ether Used for extraction of crude drugs It is used as a co-solvent with alcohol in some collodions It is not used for internal use Liquid paraffin It is unpleasant to use externally It is used as a solvent for topical application of drugs in emulsion formulations 26 12/13/2015

27. Dimethylsulfoxide It is used as a solvent for veterinary drugs It is used for application to human skin Miscellaneous solvents Isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate are solvent for external use, cosmetics Low viscous, lack of greasiness Xylene is used in ear drops for human use to dissolve ear wax 27 12/13/2015

28. II- Other formulation additives Buffers Injection, eye drops and nasal drops should be buffered at pH 7.4 Ex: carbonates, citrates, phosphate, lactates, gluconates, tartarates, borates (external) Density modifier Ex: dextrose Isotonicity modifier Ex: dextrose and sodium chloride Viscosity enhancement Low conc., of gelling agents can be used to increase the apparent viscosity of the product Ex: Povidone, Carbomer, Hydroxyethylcellulose 28 12/13/2015

29. Preservatives Ex: parahydroxybenzoic acid esters (Parabens) Reducing agent and antioxidants Ex: sodium metabisulphite, butylated hydroxyanisole or butylated hydroxytoluene Sweetening agent Ex: sucrose, polyhydric alcohols: sorbitol, mannitol, artificial sweeteners: sodium or calcium salt of saccharin Flavours and perfumes To mask the unpalatable taste, ex: fruit juices, aromatic oils, herps Colours To improve the attractiveness of the product and to enable ease of identification Ex: carotenoids, chlorophyll, riboflavines, coal tar dyes 29 12/13/2015

30. According to particular pharmaceutical solution’s use may be classified as: Oral Otic Ophthalmic Nasal Topical According to the composition or use, solutions may be classified as : Aqueous solution containing sugar are termed syrups Sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions are termed elixirs Solution of aromatic materials are termed spirits Solutions prepared by extracting active constituents from crude drugs are termed tinctures 30 12/13/2015

31. Oral solutions Dry mixtures for solution Certain antibiotics have insufficient stability in aqueous solution to meet extended shelf life periods They are provided in dry powders or granules for reconstitution before use Once reconstituted, the solution remain stable for 7-14 days depending on the condition of storage Examples: Penicillin V Potasium for oral solution, USP Cloxacillin Sodium for oral solution, USP 31 12/13/2015

32. Oral rehydration solutions Are usually effective in treatment of diarrhea and mild volume depletion (5- 10% of body weight). These are available OTC Oral solution contains: 45mEq Na +, 20 mEq K +, 35 mEq CL -, 30 mEq citrate, 25 g dextrose / 1 Liter These formulations are available in liquid or powder packets form for reconstitution These products should not be mixed with milk or fruit juice Oral colonic lavage solution Used for preparation of the bowel for colonoscopy Composed of oral solution of electrolytes with PEG-3350. Before dispensing it to the patient, the solution is reconstituted with water, creating an iso-osmotic solution. PEG is an osmotic agent in the GIT The formulation is as follows: PEG-3350; Sodium sulfate; sodium bicarbonate; sodium chloride; potassium chloride 240 ml every 10 min (total 4 L). 32 12/13/2015

33. Syrup In cooking, a syrup (from Arabic شراب sharab, beverage, via Latin siropus) is a thick, viscous liquid, containing a large amount of dissolved sugars, or sugar substitute with or without flavoring agents and medicinal substances.cookingLatinviscousliquidsugars Syrup containing flavoring agents but not medicinal substances are called nonmedicated or flavored vehicles (syrup): Cherry syrup Orange syrup Raspberry syrup 33 12/13/2015

34. The syrup are intended to serve as pleasant-tasting vehicles for medicinal substances, consists of a concentrated or saturated solution of refined sugar in distilled water. The "simple syrup" of the British Pharmacopoeia is prepared by dissolving 85 g of refined sugar in purified water to make 100 mL of syrup. The specific gravity of the syrup should be 1.313.Pharmacopoeiafic gravity Flavoured syrups are made by adding flavouring matter to a simple syrup. For instance, syrupus aromaticus is prepared by adding certain quantities of orange flavouring and cinnamon water to simple syrup. Similarly, medicated syrups are prepared by adding medicaments to, or dissolving them in, the simple syrup. orange flavouringcinnamon 34 12/13/2015

35. As syrups can contain up to 85% of sugars, they are capable of resisting bacterial growth by virtue of their osmotic effect. Syrup, NF, also called simple syrup. The amount of preservative required to protect a syrup against microbial growth varies with the proportion of water available for growth Preservative commonly used in syrups : benzoic acid 0.1-0.2%, sodium benzoate 0.1-0.2%, parabens (0.1%). To enhance the appeal of the syrup, a coloring agent that correlates with the flavorant employed (green with mint, brown with chocolate). Most syrups are flavored with synthetic flavorants or with naturally occurring materials, such as volatile oils (orange oil), vanilin Colorant to enhance the appeal of the syrup may be added Sucrose-based syrup may be substituted by a polyol, such as sorbitol solution USP, 64% 35 12/13/2015

36. Examples of medicated syrup: Analgesic Anticholenergic Antiemetics Anticonvulsant Antihistamine Antiviral Antitussives Expectrorant Bronchodilators Fecal softener 36 12/13/2015

37. Elixirs An elixir (From Arabic,الإكسير ) are clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use and usually flavored to enhance their palatability.Arabic Non-medicated elixirs are employed as vehicles. Elixirs are usually less sweet and less viscous than syrup. In addition to alcohol and water, other solvents, such as glycerol and propylene glycol are frequently employed in elixirs as adjunctive solvents. 37 12/13/2015

38. Elixirs are sweetened with sucrose, sorbitol, glycerol, and/or artificial sweeteners (Saccharine) Most elixirs have coloring agents to enhance their appearance Elixirs containing more than 10-12% alcohol are usually self- preserving Because of their usual content of volatile oils and alcohol, elixirs should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers and protected from excessive heat Antihistamine Elixir: Diphenhydramine HCl Analgesic Elixir: acetominophen Cardiotonic Elixir: digoxin Antispasmodic Elixir: hyoscyamine sulfate Sedative Elixir: phenobarbital 38 12/13/2015

39. Tinctures In medicine, a tincture is an alcoholic extract (e.g. of leaves or other plant material) or solution of a non-volatile substance; e.g. of iodine, mercurochrome).medicinealcoholicextractsolutionvolatileiodinemercurochrome Tinctures contain alcohol in amounts ranging from approx. 15- 80%. The alcohol content protects against microbial growth Other solvent, such as glycerol, may be employed Tincture must be tightly stopered and not exposed to excessive temperature 39 12/13/2015

40. Many tinctures must be stored in light-resistant containers and protect from sunlight. Some examples that were formerly common in medicine include: Tincture of Cannabis sativaCannabis sativa Tincture of Benzoin Tincture of cantharidescantharides Tincture of green soap ( (which also contains lavender)soaplavender Tincture of guaiacguaiac Tincture of iodine Tincture of opium (laudanum)opiumlaudanum Camphorated opium tincture (paregoric) Camphoratedparegoric 40 12/13/2015

41. Tincture of iodine is often found in emergency survival kits, used both to disinfect wounds and to sanitize surface water for drinking. When an alcohol solution is not desirable, Lugol's iodine, an aqueous solution of iodine in potassium iodide solution, or povidone iodine (Betadine), a PVP solution, can be used.Lugol's iodinepotassium iodide povidone iodineBetadinePVP solution Other names for Lugol's solution are I 2 KI (Iodine-Potassium Iodide); Markodine, Strong solution (Systemic); Aqueous Iodine Solution BP. 41 12/13/2015

42. Linctuses A viscous preparation, usually for the relief of cough It consists of a simple solution of the active agent in a high concentration of sucrose The syrup content has a demulcent action on the mucous membranes of the throat For diabetic use, the sucrose is replaced by sorbitol or synthetic sweeteners This type of product, should be sipped slowly and not be diluted beforehand It is administered in multiple of 5 mL 42 12/13/2015

43. 43 Sodium Salicylate – 15 gr. Sodium Bicarbonate – 30 gr. Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia – 20 min. Camphor water, up to – 1 oz. For use in acute rheumatism and other febrile conditions Sodium Salicylate – 15 gr. Sodium Bicarbonate – 30 gr. Strong Solution of Amm. acetate – 30 min. Compound Tincture of Cinchona – 20 min. Syrup of Tolu – 1 dr. Camphor water, up to – 1 oz. Useful in Influenza.

44. Topical solutions Aluminum acetate (Burow’s solution) Is colourless and has a faint acetous odor, Is applied topically as an astringent wash or wet dressing after dilution with 10 to 40 parts of water. Used in various types of dermatological lotions, cream and pastes Commercial tablets are available for preparation of this solution Calcium hydroxide (lime water) It is called Limewater, contain not less than 140 mg of Ca(OH) 2 in each 100 mL of solution Cool purified water is the solvent The solution is intended to be saturated with solute The solution should be stored in well-filled tightly stopered containers and kept in a cool place to maintain an adequate conc., of dissolved solute. The solution is astringent and is employed in dermatological solutions and lotions 44 12/13/2015

45. Hydrogen peroxide Synonym: Peroxide It contains 2.5-3% w/v hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2, suitable preservative may be added (0.05%) Is a clear, colorless liquid. It deteriorates upon long standing also by the effect of light and heat The solution should be preserved in tight, light-resistant containers, at temp. not exceeding 35  C It is categorized as a local anti-infective for use topically on the skin or mucous membranes (gargle). Its germicidal activity is based on the release of nascent oxygen on contact with the tissues and its ability to cleanse wounds 45 12/13/2015

46. Povidone iodine Commercial product: Betadine Solution It is a chemical complex of iodine with PVP It contains approx. 10% available iodine and slowly released when applied to the skin It is employed as surgical scrub and nonirritating antiseptic solution Thimerosal topical Is a water-soluble organic mercurial antibacterial agent used topically for its bacteriostatic and mild fungistatic properties It is used to disinfect skin and as an application to wounds and abrasions It has been also applied to the eye, nose, throat in dilution 1:5000 It is also used as a preservative for various preparations The solution is affected by light and must be maintained in light resistant containers 46 12/13/2015

47. Topical tinctures Iodine Tincture It is a reddish-brown colour tincture It is prepared from 2% iodine crystal and 2.4% sodium iodide in a vehicle alcohol/water (44-50% alcohol) It is a popular local anti-infective agent applied to the skin in general household first aid Compound Benzoin tincture It is prepared from 10% benzoin and lesser amounts of aloe, storax and tolu balsam The mixture is macerated in alcohol It is used to protect and toughen skin in the treatment of bedsores, ulcers, cracked nipples, and fissures of the anus Also used in treatment of venereal warts It is also used as an inhalent for bronchitis and other respiratory conditions It is best stored in tight, light-resistant containers 47 12/13/2015

48. Thimerosal Tincture The vehicle is water, acetone and 50% alcohol It must be manufactured and stored in glass or suitably resistant containers Ethylenediamine is used as stabilizer in the official solution and tincture The commercial preparation is colored orange red, the colour defines the area of application It is a commonly used household antiseptic for application to the skin abrasions and cuts and in preparation of patients for surgery Green Soap tincture 65% of active constituent in alcohol Also contains 2% lavender oil as perfume Used as detergent 48 12/13/2015

49. Vaginal and rectal solutions Vaginal douches Solution for irrigation cleansing of the vagina, used for hygienic effect Solutions may be prepared from powders or liquid concentrates. The resultant solution contains the appropriate amount of chemical agents in proper strength Boric acid – astringents - antimicrobial – quaternary ammonium compound – detergents – oxidizing agents – salts – aromatics Evacuation Enemas Rectal enemas are used to cleanse the bowel. The enema solution are solutions of; sodium phosphate, sodium biphosphate, glycerin, docusate sodium, light mineral oil The product will work within 5-10 min They are available in disposable plastic squeeze bottles Typical example: Soft soap 25 g / 500 mL water as an emollient 49 12/13/2015

50. 50 Simple Enema Soft Soap – 1 oz. Warm water, up to – 1 pint. Dissolve and mix. For use in constipation. To be given at body temperature.

51. Ear preparations Also known as otic products, these are simple solutions of drugs in water, glycerol, propylene glycol or alcohol/water mixture for local use Hydrogen peroxide (5-volume), Phenol (6% w/w) ear drops Ear drops are a form of medicine used to treat or prevent ear infections, especially infections of the outer ear and ear canal (Otitis externa).ear infectionsouter ear canalOtitis externa Bacterial infections are sometimes treated with antibiotics. Examples are:- Gentisone HCL ear drops (containing Gentamicin and hydrocortisone).Gentamicinhydrocortisone Ciproxin HCL ear drops (containing ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone).ciprofloxacinhydrocortisone Kenacomb ear drops, containing triamcinolone acetonide, neomycin and gramicidin (antibiotics) and nystatin (antifungal).triamcinolone acetonideneomycin gramicidinantibioticsnystatinantifungal Over the counter ear drops are also available, including spirit drops (alcohol solution), which dries out the ear, and drops such as Aqua Ear (used for swimmer's ear) containing a mixture of substances such as alcohol and acetic acid, to dry the ear and make it difficult for microbes to grow. Over the counterAqua Earswimmer's ear alcoholacetic acidmicrobes 51 12/13/2015

52. Eye preparations Eye drops are sterile aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions intended for instillation into the eye. Depending on the condition being treated, they may contain steroids (e.g. mydriatics, dexamethasone), antihistamines, sterile sympathomimetics, beta receptor blockers, parasympathomimetics (e.g. pilocarpine), parasympatholytics (e.g. tropicamide or atropine), prostaglandins, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or topical anesthetics. steroidsmydriaticsdexamethasoneantihistaminessympathomimeticsbeta receptor blockers parasympathomimeticspilocarpineparasympatholyticstropicamideatropineprostaglandinsnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugstopical anesthetics Eye drops sometimes do not have medications in them and are only lubricating and tear-replacing solutions,tear and they can also contain anti-redness and similar chemicals. 52 12/13/2015

53. Nasal preparations These are formulated as small-volume solutions is an aqueous vehicle for instillation into the nostrils Formulation are isotonic with nasal secretions using sodium chloride. Viscosity can be modified using cellulose derivatives Nasal administration can be used to deliver drugs for either local or systemic effect. Locally acting drugs are for example decongestants and allergy treatments. Locally acting drugs Examples of systemically active drugs available as nasal sprays are migraine drugs, nicotine replacement and hormone treatments, anti-convulsant. 53 12/13/2015

54. Irrigations Are sterile, large volume aqueous–based solutions for the cleansing of body cavities (peritoneal dialysis solution) and cleansing wounds. They should be made isotonic with tissue fluid They are not for oral or parenteral use For external use only 54 12/13/2015

55. Spray An aqueous or oleaginous solutions in the form of coarse droplets or as finely divided solids to be applied topically, most usually to the nasopharyngeal tract or to the skin by means of an atomizer The type of atomizer used depends on the viscosity of the spray solution Drugs used for relief of asthma are commonly dispensed as spray 55 12/13/2015

56. Topical dental solution Oromucosal preparations: are designed for application to the throat or oral cavity and can includes solids and semi-solids as well as solutions Mouthwashes and gargles These aqueous solutions are for the prevention and treatment of mouth and throat infections and can contain antiseptics, analgesics and / or astringents They are intended to bring the medication into contact with mucous surface of the throat They are usually diluted with warm water before use Gargles may have some analgesic effect and provide symptomatic relief Mouthwash are intended to wash out the mouth, they may be of value for local hygiene of the mouth 56 12/13/2015

57. 57 Alkaline Gargle and Mouth Wash Take of: bicarbonate of Soda 1 oz. Boric Acid 1 oz Chloride of Sodium 2 oz. Directions- Add a teaspoonful to 8 ounces of warm water and use as a gargle, mouth wash or nasal douche.

58. 12/13/2015 58 Compound Potassium Chlorate Gargle Take of: Potassium Chlorate 6 gr. Borax 3 gr. Tincture of Myrrh 5 min. Water, up to 1 oz Useful in stomatitis

59. Gingival and sublingual preparations These are in the form of drops or sprays for application to specific areas of the oral mucosa such as the gums for the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease or under the tongue to enable fast absorption of active agents into systemic circulation 59 12/13/2015

60. Non aqueous solutions Liniments Are liquid preparation for external use only and may be applied with or without friction. They should not be applied to unbroken skin They are alcoholic or oleaginous solutions or emulsions of various medicinal substances For oleaginous liniments, the solvent may be a fixed or volatile oil (almond, sesame, peanut, wintergreen, turpentine oil) Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic vehicle are useful when rubefacient or counterirritant action is desired For relief of pain, they may be applied on warmed flannel or lint or may be painted with a soft brush Liniment may be alcoholic solutions They should be dispensed in colored bottle 60 12/13/2015

61. Menthol Camphor Compound Liniment Menthol – 2 gr. Camphor – 5 gr. Oil of Turpentine – 2 dr. Soft Soap- 2 dr. Olive Oil, up to – 1 oz. Useful in chronic inflammation of joints. 12/13/2015 61

62. 12/13/2015 62 Aconite Belladonna and Camphor Liniment (ABC Liniment) Take of: Liniment Aconite Liniment of Belladonna Each equal parts. Liniment of Camphor For use in Rheumatism, etc.

63. Paints Liquids for application to the skin or mucous membranes in small amounts using a small brush The solvent is water, alcohol, ether or acetone Glycerol is often added to ensure prolonged contact with the skin (viscocity modifier) Collodions Is a clear viscous liquid prepared by dissolving pyroxylin in a 3:1 mixture of ether and alcohol or acetone/alcohol Pyroxylin obtained by the action of a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids on cotton, consists of cellulose tetranitrate The resulting solution is highly volatile and flammable The product is capable of forming a protective film on application to the skin 63 12/13/2015

64. Castor oil may be applied to collodion to render the film flexible, permitting its comfortable use After evaporation of the solvent leaves a tough, flexible film hold the drug in intimate contact with the skin Salicylic acid Collodion It is 10% solution of salicylic acid in flexible collodion Has keratolytic effect especially in the removal of corns from the toes The product is applied as one drop on the corn or wart, allowing time to dry As salicylic acid is irritant to normal skin, it should be applied directly on the corn or wart 64 12/13/2015