1. 1. God created the universe. 2. God is Holy. 3. We are morally unholy. 4. Holy and unholy do not mix. 5. God is Love. 6. Love for His creation inspires God to want us to know His Love now and experience it with Him for eternity. 7. 2.-6 create a challenge for God. 8. 1 gives God the right to solve that challenge (as He sees fit). 9. God the Father, requires us to become Holy by assuming the Holiness of God the Son (Jesus) through the action of God the Holy Spirit in our lives. 10. He does this by enabling our unholiness to die with Jesus on the Cross, thereby entombing it, and replacing it with Jesus’ Holiness, which permits us to rise through His resurrection as a new, Holy creation. 11. We can know this is true through the revelation of Himself in His creation, His inspired Holy Word, His incarnate Son, and His involvement in our lives through the Holy Spirit. 12. 1.-11 combine to form a logical and consistent worldview. The 12 fundamental principles of Christianity 1

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3. You currently hear evolutionary atheists such as Richard Dawkins stating something like, “Evolution is all we need to explain why we are here.” The trouble with this statement is that it reflects a willingness to stop too soon. Evolutionary atheists do not ask the deeper question: 3

4. “What are the features of cosmological, chemical, and biological evolution that enabled us to “get here” by evolution? Which leads to the deeper question, “Why do these features work the way they do?” 4

5. As we examine these features, we should be led further to ask, Why these features, and not others? And its related question, Are these features likely to happen elsewhere in the universe? 5

6. If we conclude, “yes.” Does that suggest a Creator? 6

7. “I find that the universe in some sense must have known we were coming.” Freeman Dyson. 1979. Disturbing the Universe (New York), p.250 7

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14. God could create a universe that would unfold through cosmological, chemical, and biological evolution to produce in more than one place and more than one time, minds that would ponder its purpose and origin. It might even be that these minds would, in every place and every time, be in a hominoid body. 14

15. Eight Phenomena That Recur Throughout Cosmological, Chemical, and Biological Evolution (that just might produce something like us elsewhere in the universe) Carlos F. A. Pinkham, PhD Norwich University, Northfield, VT Adapted from Presentations given at Oxford Round Table, “Faith and Science, the Great Matter” Oxford University, England 26 July 2006 ASA/CSCA Annual Meeting George Fox University, Oregon 4 August 2008 15

16. The Algorithm The Phenomena Requisite Conditions with Examples Conclusion Approach 16

17. The universe has produced intelligent life via the processes of Cosmological Evolution  Chemical Evolution  Biological Evolution. For this to be so, a large number of requisite conditions had to have been satisfied/met. The accuracy and precision found in numerous fundamental constants, forces, and masses established at the moment of the Big Bang interacted to produce solutions that met these requisite conditions These solutions almost always are characterized by eight phenomena which separately and collectively imply the universe was designed to produce intelligent life like us not only here, but elsewhere. The Algorithm 17

18. The accuracy and precision found in numerous fundamental constants, forces, and masses Cosmological Constant Weak Nuclear Force Strong Nuclear Force Electromagnetic Force Gravity Mass of proton Mass of electron Mass of neutron 18

19. “Requisite conditions” exist for the evolution of “human” life. Almost every time a “requisite condition” is met, it has done so because of eight phenomena that result from the properties of the universe. 1) Each requisite condition presents design considerations which have an “optimal solution.” 2) Each “optimal solution” exists at a “precise peak.” 3) “Compelling detractors” around the precise peak cause the precise peak to be favored. 4) The conditions necessary to produce the optimal solution will occur in an “ample sample.” 5) Thus with an ample sample and adequate elapsed time, the optimal solution will be found by evolution with “statistical certainty.” 6) Once found, each optimal solution results in “narrowing options” for future evolution, thus giving rise to 7) an “essential sequencing" of optimal solutions. The above often results in 8) an “intricate simplicity" in the way the optimal solution meets the requisite condition. The Phenomena Verbalized 19

20. REQUISITE CONDITIONS must occur if life is to arise or evolve. Each REQUISITE CONDITION … has an OPTIMAL SOLUTION: B works best at meeting the requisite condition; not B', B'', b', b'', or 1. B exists at a PRECISE PEAK: Properties that result in B often operate with great precision to ensure that precisely B will occur. B has COMPELLING DETRACTORS: Properties naturally result in B, and while they may also make B - and B +, these either do not work as well as B at meeting the requisite condition or do not work at all. B exits in an AMPLE SAMPLE: Properties that result in B are such that B will occur in abundance (and often, so may B -, B +, b', b'', and/or 1). The Phenomena Formulated, 1 20

21. B has STATISTICAL CERTAINTY: Because of all the above, B, not B -, B +, B', B'', b', b'' or 1 will be found by cosmological, chemical, or biological evolution, to fulfill the requisite condition. B produces NARROWING OPTIONS: Furthermore, once found, B  C, not 1, nor □, because neither 1 nor □ are now possible or effective. that result in ESSENTIAL SEQUENCING: This leads to optimal solutions occurring in order: A  B  C  D etc, & B cannot occur before A occurs. INTRICATE SIMPLICITY: Although the above may result in 10,11,12,13,14,15…99, different steps or different categories of optimal solutions, this intricate variety of differences can be simply summarized as tens, twenties, thirties, etc. The Phenomena Formulated, 2 21

22. The Requisite Conditions and their Solutions with Examples The Big Bang and the Cosmological Constant Carbon Water Cell Metabolism Senses and the Brain 22

23. The Big Bang and the Cosmological Constant Gibbs, W. Wayt. 1998. Beyond physics: renowned scientists contemplate the evidence for God. Scientific American. 279(2):20-22. Not ready, yet Atoms get too far apart too soon to allow forces to produce heavier elements Atoms never get far enough apart to allow forces to produce heavier elements 23

24. Requisite ConditionSolution Optimal Solution Precise Peak Compelling Detractors Ample Sample A universe with the right mix & density of elements and age to allow intelligence to evolve Cosmological Constant (CC) (the quantum level of complexity) As far as we can determine … Obviously CC must be accurate to the 100th decimal point Conditions on either side of CC that cause the universe to fail to produce us NA, (unless you subscribe to the Multiverse) Solution Statistical Certainty Narrowing Options Essential Sequencing Intricate Simplicity Cosmological Constant (the quantum level of complexity) We do have a universe. Once it and the other Cs, Fs, Ms are established, outcome is predictable Can't have us until we have a universe with the CC The Big Bang is incredibly complex, yet easy to grasp. 24

25. Carbon 25

26. Carbon 26

27. Carbon 27

28. Carbon 28

29. Carbon 29

30. Requisite Condition Solution Optimal Solution Precise Peak Compelling Detractors Ample Sample An element capable of making the myriad of compounds essential for life processes Carbon (the atom level of complexity) C forms 4 covalent bonds thus allowing for catanation w max possibilities Resonance of C formation very precise Conditions on either side of the resonance for C formation that fail to form C C is 6th most abundant element in U, 14th on crust of Earth Solution Statistical Certainty Narrowing Options Essential Sequencing Intricate Simplicity Carbon (the atom level of complexity) We do have lots of C Silicon-based life is not a possibility Can't have myriad of compounds w/out first having C 10 million organic compounds formed from C But they fall into only four functional groups 30

31. Water Water Has to Have a Number of Very Special Properties The Polarity of Water Water and the Hydrogen Bond Water and Ionization Water and Temperature (Curtis, 1983) 31

32. Water Water Has to Have a Number of Very Special Properties Possibly most abundant dielemental molecule in the universe Best solvent and transport agent for charged and polarized compounds The highest combined heat storage capacity (specific heat), heat loss at freezing (heat of fusion) and heat input at boiling (heat of vaporization) of all compounds High incompressibility High cohesive and adhesive forces Lighter as a solid than as a liquid (Curtis, 1983) 32

33. Requisite Solution Solution Optimal Solution Precise Peak Compelling Detractors Ample Sample A solvent for life processes that also acts as a heat reservoir & has other essential properties Water (the molecule level of complexity) Nothing works as well as water Resonance of oxygen formation very precise, like that of C Properties of H and O that make formation of water a given rather than some other triatomic molecule Water is possibly single most abundant dielemental molecule in Universe Solution Statistical Certainty Narrowing Options Essential Sequencing Intricate Simplicity Water (the molecule level of complexity) H is most abundant element in U, O is 3rd in universe and 1st on earth Only water will favor the processes and forms that will allow life to exist Can't have transport & excitable tissues w/out it That such a simple molecule could do so much 33

34. Cell Metabolism 34

35. Requisite Condition Solution Optimal Solution Precise Peak Compelling Detractors Ample Sample Adequate energy production for the rigors of a larger cell size Eukaryotic Cell Metabolism (the cell level of complexity) 2 ATPs for prokaryotes, 36 for eukaryotes works fabulously Possibly 36 ATPs provides just the right energy budget Endosymbiotic experiments that guarantee proper amount of energy will be produced with least amount of waste Untold numbers of primitive organisms with different metabolisms Solution Statistical Certainty Narrowing Options Essential Sequencing Intricate Simplicity Eukaryotic Cell Metabolism (the cell level of complexity) With the huge number of organisms eating each other, It was bound to happen Once this plan is in place, necessary organ systems for multicelled organisms established Can't have multicelled organisms until have efficient production of ATP because of increased energy demand of multicell interactions 10,000s of chemical reactions in a cell, and this elegantly simple diagram gets them all 35

36. Senses and the Brain Direction of movement Front 36

37. Low gradient of useful information High Senses and the Brain Direction of movement Front 37

38. Low gradient of useful information High Senses and the Brain Direction of movement Front photons: sight chemicals: smell-taste pressure-forces: vibrations-sound 38

39. Low gradient of useful information High Senses and the Brain Direction of movement Front photons: sight chemicals: smell-taste pressure-forces: vibrations-sound receiving-processing-responding center: brain 39

40. Requisite Condition Solution Optimal Solution Precise Peak Compelling Detractors Ample Sample An (anterior) organ that serves as an information receiver, processor & responder Sentience & Intelligence (the organ system level of complexity) Brain in front is best design solution Brain “more forward” - would be outside; more toward rear- would cause delays Fluid dynamics - information content of light, chemicals, & pressure Lots of swimming critters Solution Statistical Certainty Narrowing Options Essential Sequencing Intricate Simplicity Sentience & Intelligence (the organ system level of complexity) Selection will favor this solution Brain will be center for sentience (processing information) Once established as the organ to process information, it is logical organ to evolve intelligence Our brain with 100 billion cells with all its capabilities can be reduced to its role of processing information essential for survival 40

41. Like any proper scientific thesis, this one has predictive powers: We will find the earlier stages more often and under a wider range of conditions. We will find later stages in proportion to the time since chemical evolution could have occurred in that star system. We will find the greatest departure from the evolutionary path taken on Earth as we get into more complex organisms, since the larger the organism, the fewer offspring it would have to provide an ample sample. We may well find the only other form of intelligence in the universe is “hominoid.” We may find that Ward and Brownlee’s Rare Earth Hypothesis is not totally correct. 41

42. In addition, this thesis will force us to closely consider the processes that brought us about and ultimately will provide a test of how well we understand them. It also forces us to think, “What it is that makes us unique and how unique is that really apt to be?” In any event, the more examples of requisite singularities that we find following this pattern, the more difficult it will become to argue that this is all by chance (Brandon Carter and Andrew Watson’s Critical Steps are considered “unlikely steps”). Thus I make an appeal to all here to consider this thesis as it applies to their respective fields to see if additional requisite singularities are out there. 42

43. This view of creation does not require the Christian God. And as expected, there are alternate explanations (see Leslie’s discussion of multiverses). However, Genesis does begin with “Let there be light,” which is a perfect description of the Big Bang. And taking the evidence for the existence of God in we have mutually supporting circumstances that cry out for understanding, for explanation. They can be understood as being unrelated, with disparate explanations: random chance, luck, mankind’s need to explain the unknown, etc. or they can be understood as being unified with a single, efficient explanation: The God of the Bible. cosmological, chemical, and biological evolution (His Work) with that in: the Bible (His Word), including the life, death and resurrection of Jesus His fulfillment of so many Old Testament prophesies the radical conviction of the early witnesses the changed life of believers, who clearly see their sin, and other witnesses we have all experienced, 43

44. Acknowledgements The Norwich University Faculty Development Program The physicists, chemists, biologists, and engineers at Norwich, Oxford, and the American Scientific Affiliation with whom I have had useful discussions 44