1. Political system Political system is a vast concept. It includes all interactions, structures and activities which are related to the taking of authorities decisions and their implementation.

2. Characteristics of political system Persistent pattern of human relationship Persistent pattern of human relationship Use of legitimate force Use of legitimate force Comprehensiveness Comprehensiveness Universality of political system Universality of political system Universality of political structure Universality of political structure Universality of political functions Universality of political functions Sub-systems and their dependence Sub-systems and their dependence Existence of boundaries Existence of boundaries Adaptable Adaptable Multi-functionality of political structures Multi-functionality of political structures Mixed character of political systems Mixed character of political systems Environment and its impact on political sysyem Environment and its impact on political sysyem

3. Functions of political system according to David Easton Input in the form of demand Input in the form of demand 1. Demand for the allocation of goods and services 2. Demand for the regularisation of behavior 3. Demand for participation in political system 4. Demand for communication and information

4. Input in the form of support Input in the form of support material support material support obedience support obedience support participatory support participatory support attention and respect support attention and respect support

5. Output functions Extraction Extraction Regulation of behaviour Regulation of behaviour Allocation of goods and services Allocation of goods and services Symbolic output Symbolic output

6. Functions of political system according to Almond Input Function Input Function 1. Political socialization and recruitment 2. Interest articulation 3. Interest aggregation 4. Political communication Output Functions Output Functions 1. Rule making functions 2. Rule application 3. Rule adjudication

7. Difference between the state and political system State is an abstract concept whereas political system is a reality State is an abstract concept whereas political system is a reality Difference in their constituent elements Difference in their constituent elements Difference in their boundaries Difference in their boundaries The state consists of people whereas political system consists of their political relations and political roles The state consists of people whereas political system consists of their political relations and political roles Difference in their functions Difference in their functions

8. All states are alike whereas political system can be of different kinds All states are alike whereas political system can be of different kinds There is inter-dependence of parts in political systems, but no such thing in the state There is inter-dependence of parts in political systems, but no such thing in the state Difference in respect of the element of sovereignty Difference in respect of the element of sovereignty State is permanent, political system keep on changing State is permanent, political system keep on changing State is an explanatory concept, political system is an analytical concept State is an explanatory concept, political system is an analytical concept Political socialization and political culture has special importance in political system not for the state Political socialization and political culture has special importance in political system not for the state State include only formal and legal institutions whereas political system include both formal and informal organizations State include only formal and legal institutions whereas political system include both formal and informal organizations State is an old concept, whereas political system is a modern concept State is an old concept, whereas political system is a modern concept

9. References Aggarwal R.C., Principles of Political Science, S.Chand Company, New Delhi, 1976. Aggarwal R.C., Principles of Political Science, S.Chand Company, New Delhi, 1976. Badyal, J.S, Political Theory, Raj Publishers, 2012, Jalander. Badyal, J.S, Political Theory, Raj Publishers, 2012, Jalander. Garner James Wildford, Political Science and Government, The World Press Priviate LTD. Calcutta, 1951. Garner James Wildford, Political Science and Government, The World Press Priviate LTD. Calcutta, 1951. Gauba O.P, An Introduction to Political Theory, Macmillan Publisher, Delhi, 2009. Gauba O.P, An Introduction to Political Theory, Macmillan Publisher, Delhi, 2009. Heywood Andrew, Political Theory An Introduction, Palgrave Macmillan, New Yeork, 2005. Heywood Andrew, Political Theory An Introduction, Palgrave Macmillan, New Yeork, 2005. Misra K.K & Iyengar Kalpana. M, Modern Political Theory, S.Chand Company, New Delhi, 1988. Misra K.K & Iyengar Kalpana. M, Modern Political Theory, S.Chand Company, New Delhi, 1988. Ray Amal, Political Theory Idess and Institutions, The World Press Priviate LTD. Calcutta, 1988 Ray Amal, Political Theory Idess and Institutions, The World Press Priviate LTD. Calcutta, 1988 Johari J.C, Principles of Modern Political Science, Sterling Publishers, New Delhi, 1989. Johari J.C, Principles of Modern Political Science, Sterling Publishers, New Delhi, 1989.

10. By By Dr. AMANDIP KAUR Dr. AMANDIP KAUR DEPTT. OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, DEPTT. OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, PGGCG, SEC. 11, CHANDIGARH PGGCG, SEC. 11, CHANDIGARH