1. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron1 David Waters University College London on behalf of the CDF & DØ Collaborations What are we Measuring & Why ? The Tevatron & CDF Cross Sections Asymmetries W Mass & Width Conclusions & Perspectives

2. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron2 W & Z Production p T distribution + Corrections : Higher orders (EW,QCD) Non-perturbative Leading Order picture : rapidity distribution angular & mass distributions :

3. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron3 What Measurements & Why ? Standard Candles Tevatron : LHC : W & Z Inclusive Cross Sections Tests of (N)NLO perturbative QCD. Demonstrate systematic understanding of lepton ID, trigger efficiencies & backgrounds at 1-2 % level. Provide extremely well understood event ensembles for energy & momentum scale determination. Starting point for more exclusive measurements (e.g. W+jets). Differential Cross Sections & Asymmetries PDF constraints. EWK coupling constraints. Tests of perturbative QCD & non- perturbative phenomenology.

4. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron4 What Measurements & Why ? W Mass Self-energy corrections depend on mass of top quark and Higgs boson : CDF & DØ Run2 WWWWWW t b H W ? ? Equivalent Higgs constraining power :  (M TOP )  1.5 GeV :  (M W )  10 MeV O(1%) on M TOP : (< 0.1%) on M W W Width Indirect determination can be made with very high precision. CKM constraints: Direct measurement is sensitive to any deviations from the SM for M(W*) > M W The W width is a less important constraint in EWK fits than the W mass, but is nevertheless a useful SM test. Employs the same techniques as precision cross section or mass measurements.

5. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron5 Tevatron 2002 2003 2004 2005 these results : ~400 pb -1 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Delivered Luminosity per Experiment (pb -1 ) 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Mode Events/Week/Exp. (before trigger & cuts) ~50,000 ~5000 W & Z Factory Now operating in precision regime:

6. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron6 The CDF Detector Drift chamber outer tracker : Silicon vertex detector : tracking coverage out to Central calorimeter : Plug calorimeter : coverage out to DØ detector : next talk Muon chambers : coverage out to

7. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron7 Inclusive Cross Sections Standard boson selections ( l+E T ; l + l - ) Mostly employ central lepton triggers. 1-2% systematic uncertainties (w/o luminosity): PDF’s lepton & trigger efficiencies backgrounds Results are in good agreement with NNLO QCD predictions. ~70-350 pb -1 results. NNLO predictions (Hamberg, van Neerven & Matsuura 1991; Anastasiou et al. 2004) CDF : PRL 94, 091803 (2005)

8. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron8 Tau Channel Interesting channel : to test 3 rd generation lepton universality, as a benchmark for searches (especially MSSM Higgs). Experimentally challenging. Isolated “pencil-jet” consistent with hadronic  decay  0 reconstruction in EM cal / shower-max neural net (DØ) Triggering strategies : single lepton lepton + track  + E T CDF 350 pb -1 226 pb -1 PRD 71, 072004 (2005)

9. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron9 R(W/Z) & Indirect W Width SM : 3.370 ± 0.024 LEP : BR(Z  l + l - ) = 0.033658 ± 0.000023 SM : 226.4 ± 0.3 MeV Careful propagation of correlated systematics: CDF e+ , 72 pb -1 PRL 94, 091803 (2005) D0 e, 177 pb -1

10. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron10 R(W/Z) : New Method 1.Design an analysis optimized for the ratio of cross-sections. 2.Start with a selection entirely symmetric between W’s & Z’s : Z l l i.Exclude 2 nd EM object from recoil. ii.Include all towers in E T calculation. 3.Fit for W & Z fractions in a discriminating variable, E T : W l i.Single lepton trigger & ID cuts (E T > 30 GeV) ii. A hard cut on the recoil (U < 10 GeV) to suppress QCD background.

11. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron11 Recoil Energy (GeV) R(W/Z) : New Method  R/R electron (72 pb -1 ) muon (72 pb -1 ) electron (300 pb -1 ) PRELIMINARY statistical0.01700.02400.0094 PDF0.00650.00810.0031 material0.0028-- recoil0.00280.00360.0040 efficiency0.01100.0099- background0.00370.00810.0250 missing-E T (DY tail)--0.0050 total systematic0.01500.01600.0260 stat. + syst.0.02200.02900.0276 CDF PRELIMINARY Significantly reduced. With single lepton selection, W/Z rapidity distributions overlap more. Eliminated. Increased. QCD background at low recoil & E T is uncertain. Under investigation. Preliminary systematic study & comparison with earlier analysis. CDF e PRELIMINARY, 300 pb -1 Recoil distribution for signal & QCD background

12. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron12 CDF II Preliminary 337 pb -1 CDF II Preliminary 337 pb -1 Drell-Yan d  /dM A standard measurement at hadron colliders : control sample for searches (Z’, SUSY dilepton channels) PDF constraints. Single lepton triggers (di-lepton triggers can be used in future) Low mass sculpting due to triggers/cuts (20/10 GeV CDF; 25 GeV D0). Geometric & kinematic acceptance increases at high masses. Backgrounds small. Bin size > resolution. matrix unfoldingbin-by-bin correction Z Z/  * **

13. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron13 A FB With charged leptons in the final state, there is no sign ambiguity - useful neutral current coupling constraints : 72 pb -1 CDF: PRD 71, 052002 (2005) Wichmann, HCP 2006 ) Forward-Backward Asymmetry :

14. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron14 A FB With larger integrated luminosities, the focus is on more precise measurements at high invariant mass : new physics can interfere with SM to generate deviations. Statistically limited : systematics (energy scale, resolution, backgrounds) ~ 10%. New methods being developed to fit fully differential cos(  * ) distribution.

15. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron15 Drell-Yan d  /dy Rapidity differential cross section : At leading order : High-y  high-x Currently statistically limited. 337 pb -1

16. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron16  W (forward region) A new & technically challenging analysis : Silicon tracking for electron ID Different triggering strategy ( ) Backgrounds Compare with central analysis : Complementary acceptance CENTRAL  FORWARD |  |<1 1.2<|  |<2.8 PDF constraint CDF Run II Preliminary 223 pb -1

17. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron17 W - W + W Charge Asymmetry Production asymmetry : But what we typically measure is the lepton charge asymmetry :

18. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron18 RESBOS-A + CTEQ6.1M = MRST02 D  Run II Preliminary 230 pb -1 W Charge Asymmetry Experimental issues are : Forward lepton ID & triggering Lepton charge mis-identification rates : (   10 -4 ; e  10 -1-2 ) Backgrounds Experimental uncertainties comparable to existing PDF spreads. |||| |||| PRD 71, 051104 (2005)

19. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron19 W Production Asymmetry Reconstruct the production asymmetry distribution A(y W ) directly ? 1.Find 2 solutions using M W constraint. 2.Weight each by a factor taking into account production & decay : 3.Resolve dependence on y W iteratively to yield A(y W ). Preliminary CDF Monte Carlo analysis shows significantly increased sensitivity : charged lepton asymmetry (  l ) production charge asymmetry (y W )

20. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron20 W Mass Requires exquisite (  10 MeV) understanding of W production & detection. PDF’s; production & decay models momentum/energy scale & resolution recoil response momentum scale from Z’s & min- bias events E/p (W  e ) E p transfer to energy scale using W electrons

21. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron21 M T (  ) (GeV) M T (e ) (GeV) W Mass Systematic [MeV] Electrons (Run 1b) Muons (Run 1b) Common (Run 1b) Lepton Energy Scale & Resolution 70 (80)30 (87)25 Recoil Scale & Resolution 50 (37)50 (35)50 Backgrounds20 (5)20 (25) Production & Decay Model 30 (30) 25 (16) Statistics45 (65)50 (100) Total105 (110)85 (140)60 (16) CDF Preliminary Systematic Uncertainty 200 pb -1 Combined uncertainty 76 MeV (cf Run 1 combined of 79 MeV) Currently finalising analysis details & exhaustive cross-checks. CDF Blinded Mass Fits :

22. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron22 Direct W Width Lineshape  Breit-Wigner (M W,  W )  PDF’s  Resolution 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8  (W) GeV Rather than measure the peak region, measure the tail of high mass W’s. BW has non-Gaussian tails  worry about non-Gaussian resolutions & backgrounds. Normalise to peak & fit to tail  partly a counting experiment. D  Run II Preliminary 177 pb -1 50 < M T < 100 normalisation region 100 < M T < 200 fit region M W*  M W + 50  W

23. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron23 Conclusions & Perspectives The Tevatron experiments have completed a first round of W & Z measurements : Inclusive cross-sections Differential cross-sections Asymmetries A next generation of measurements are being designed for enhanced sensitivity to the underlying physics parameters (couplings, PDF’s etc.) Avoiding hard systematics requires the development of new analysis techniques. These results are helping to : Understand the environment for a precision W mass measurement. Define Standard Candles that will be used at the LHC UA2 1990 4.7 pb -1 UA2 W/Z  jj CDF/D0 cannot even trigger on these events What will be possible at the LHC ? How will the LHC environment compare to the Tevatron ? Results here based on 400 pb -1 of data Expect final Run II results to have 10-20 times this !

24. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron24 Backup

25. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron25 Challenges MeasurementObservableExperimental Challenges (Differential) Cross Sections (Differential) Event YieldsAcceptances & Backgrounds W Mass Jacobean peak : d  /dM T Lepton p T distribution Energy & Momentum Scales Detector Response Modelling Production Model W Width Width of d  /dM T (direct) Ratio of W/Z cross-sections (indirect) = W Mass (direct) = Cross-Sections (indirect) Neutral Current Couplings & Electroweak Mixing Angle Forward-backward asymmetry Resolution & Smearing Backgrounds Parton Distribution Function Constraints Rapidity distribution : d  /dy Lepton angular charge asymmetry Forward lepton ID Charge identification

26. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron26 V CS From R given: & world measurements of other CKM matrix elements.

27. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron27 Lepton Universality Directly from cross-section ratio. Similar precision to LEP More recent LEP results :

28. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron28 Luminosity from W/Z Production Consider CDF W cross section measurement using 72 pb -1. Current luminosity determination uses forward Cerenkov detector. Uncertainty is 6% : By comparison : Systematic uncertainty on W cross-section measurement : 2% NNLO theory uncertainty : 2-3%. Already a viable (integrated) luminosity method. Work on ongoing to identify optimal observables etc. Another possibility is to explicitly measure ratios :

29. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron29 NC Couplings (Older) 72 pb -1

30. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron30 W Mass

31. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron31 W Mass : Run 2 Projection

32. 23 May 2006W/Z Production & Asymmetries at the Tevatron32 The DØ Detector Central Fiber Tracker : Tracking out to |  |<1.8 in 2 T B-field Silicon Tracker : Coverage out to |  |<3 Muon System : Near hermetic coverage out to |  |<2 Momentum measurement in 1.8 T toroidal magnet Calorimetry : Covers the region out to |  |<4