1. The Renaissance and Reformation Section 1:The Italian Renaissance Section 2:The Northern Renaissance Section 3:The Protestant Reformation Section 4:The Catholic Reformation Section 5:Culture and Daily Life CHAPTER 15

2. Bellringer ► How do art and literature of a society reflect its culture? 2

3. 3 ► In the early to mid 1300s, the Renaissance (rebirth) was changing how Europeans would view themselves and their world  It was an artistic and philosophical movement sparked by a renewed interest in Greek and Roman literature and life  Until the Renaissance, Medieval scholars who studied ancient history tried to tie everything to Christian teaching The Italian Renaissance

4. An Era of Awakening ► Causes – ruins of Roman Empire were in Italy where the Renaissance began ► Byzantines had preserved Greek and Roman learning  trade with Asia and Africa  taught Italians about their achievements in science and medicine. 4

5. 5 Causes of the Renaissance continued ► The humanities – ► classical Greek and Roman literature to study grammar, history, poetry, and ► rhetoric – referred to as humanities and people who specialized in them were humanists.

6. Causes of the Renaissance continued  Emphasis on learning, admired human achievement  People should live meaningful lives as well as be actively involved in affairs such as supporting arts.  Most were Catholic Christians who felt tension in their studies and religion  Life was preparation for the afterlife as well as a joy bringing admiration for individual achievement. 6

7. ► Petrarch – One of the first humanists and a famous scholar and teacher.  believed it is important to lead a virtuous, full, and active life here on earth  He worried that his desire for fame (fairly common) may hurt his changes for salvation 7 The Italian Renaissance

8. 8 Writers continued ► Machiavelli – Florentine diplomat and historian who wrote The Prince  He sought to describe government in the way it actually worked  argued that a ruler should be concerned only with power and political success  lack of concern for conventional morality should be found in the government to make it successful

9. Writers continued  His “view is that it is desirable to be both loved and feared; but it is difficult to achieve both and if one of them has to be lacking, it is much safer to be feared than loved…Men are less hesitant about offending or harming a ruler who makes himself less loved than one who inspires fear…Fear is sustained by a dread of punishment that is always effective.”  Machiavelli from The Prince 9

10. 10 Italian Renaissance Artists ► Art flourished as much as literature during the Italian Renaissance producing some of the world’s masterpieces ► Renaissance artists painted realistic scenes and images with lifelike human figures  Renaissance painters used perspective – make distant objects smaller than those in the foreground of the painting creating the illusion of depth on flat canvas The Italian Renaissance

11. Italian Renaissance Artists ► Leonardo da Vinci – was an architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, and scientist making drawings of flying machines and submarines  The Last Supper and Mona Lisa – two of his greatest works 11

12. Italian Renaissance Artists ► Michelangelo – Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (where the pope lives in Rome)  Was also a poet, sculptor, and designer (St. Peters Basilica)

13. Bellringer ► Telephone game 13

14. 14 The Spread of Ideas ► Renaissance ideas carried by northern European students who had studied in Italy traveled to Germany, the Netherlands, France, and England  As wealth increased with increasing commerce, more people could afford higher education, and many new universities were established in these countries. The Northern Renaissance

15. The Spread of Ideas  The Printing press was also invented to help spread ideas - Johannes Gutenberg – used movable type to print books, copies of Bible  Not everyone was happy about the press – scribes who made a living hand copying works realized it threatened their profession  By 1475 printing presses were operating in many European nations, and helped spread humanist ideas 15

16. 16 Northern Renaissance Writers ► Erasmus (Dutch)- most influential in the North  studied Christianity as well as classical culture  Believed classical culture and Christianity could be harmonized  Criticized the church for a lack of spirituality and felt church was to ceremonial and complicated The Northern Renaissance

17. Northern Writers Continued ► Thomas More (English) - wrote Utopia  Criticized governments  Utopia meaning “an ideal place or society” all male citizens were equal and everyone worked to support society  More refused to recognize the king as the supreme head of the church in England so he was executed 17

18. Northern Writers Continued ► William Shakespeare – transformed well- known stories into dramatic masterpieces  He portrayed personality and human emotions better than most playwrights such as Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and Macbeth 18

19. 19 Northern Renaissance Artists ► Northern Renaissance merchants brought Italian Renaissance art home, and painters from the north studied with Italian masters  Flemish school – painters who are given credit with perfecting certain techniques of paint in oil on canvas ► Great attention to detail, facial expressions ► Realistic human figures and subject matter Section 2: The Northern Renaissance

20. Northern Renaissance Artists ► Portraits reflected the Renaissance interest in the individual ► Paintings tended to show the frail and imperfect body more so than the paintings of Italians 20

21. Bellringer ► How would you feel if you had worked hard for a good grade, and then were told that you could get that grade only if you paid for it? ► How does this relate to the church selling of indulgences in the 1500s? 21

22. Section 3: The Protestant Reformation ► Roman Catholic Church had lost sight of its spiritual mission ► Led to the Reformation ► more interested in making money than saving souls ► pope acted as a political leader instead of setting an example of morality 22

23. Reformation Continued ► Tetzel(monk) to raise funds for the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica in the northern German states ► How did he raise funds?  Sold indulgences to raise money  Indulgences were pardons for punishment for sin  The misuse of indulgence outraged humanists who wanted the church to become more spiritual 23

24. 24  Luther quit law school and entered a monastery in search of salvation, but found the church gave no comfort for overcoming sin  Through his Biblical studies Luther taught that ceremonies and good deeds made no difference in saving a sinner, but inner faith in God and God’s grace saved  “Justification by grace through faith” was for everyone Martin Luther

25. ► Luther’s protest – publicly challenged the selling of indulgences in 95 theses  Luther did not necessary want to leave the Catholic church but he wanted reform  Luther argued popes and bishops could not tell people what to believe, and priests had no special role in helping people to salvation because God viewed all people of faith equally 25

26. 26 Martin Luther Continued ► Break with the church – Church leaders denounced him because he challenged practices of the church  Pope Leo X ex-communicated Luther after declaring him a heretic  Emperor Charles V attempted to make Luther abandon his ideas at Diet of Worms  Charles V outlawed his work and declared Luther an outlaw, but lacked the power to enforce this  Frederick the Wise from Luther’s home state hide Luther until the uproar died down  translated the Bible in German

27. 27 Luther Continued ► Protestantism – reformers were called Protestants due to the protests  Luther’s works and ideas spread and he organized a new church (Lutheran), which was the very simple belief in a “priesthood of all believers”  Christians were fully capable of interpreting and understanding the Bible themselves

28. 28 The Spread of Protestantism ► Luther caused many people in Europe to want a more simple and direct faith  German rulers established the Lutheran Church in their states The Protestant Reformation

29. The Spread of Protestantism ► Sects are societies of a few people led by a preacher  Sects did not form organized churches, and many did not have clear-cut rules, membership, discipline, etc. 29

30. 30 Spread of Protestantism Continued ► The Anglican Church –  The Protestant Reformation in England came about differently than in Germany  King Henry VIII caused the break between Rome and England because he desired for a divorce because his wife did not give him a son

31. Spread of Protestantism Continued  This caused him to create the Church of England (also known as the Anglican Church) with the King as the head of the church which did grant the divorce  The Church of England kept the ceremonies and organizations of the Catholic Church and eventually adopted some Protestant beliefs  It paved the way for the Protestant Reformation 31

32. 32 ► Calvin was like Luther in that he believed faith and the Bible and ceremony was not important.  Calvin also believed in predestination – the idea that at the beginning of time God had decided who would be saved  Calvin taught that those who were predestined for salvation were called the elect forming a special community of people who were expected to follow the highest moral standards and self-discipline Calvinism

33. Calvinism Continued ► Calvin’s church – wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion emphasizing predestination, righteous living  By the 1600s Calvinism was strongly founded in parts of Europe 33

34. Bellringer ► Remember that the Catholic Church ignored early criticism from humanists. Predict whether the church would continue to ignore threats to its dominance or respond in some manner. Explain the reasoning behind the predictions. 34

35. 35 The Counter-Reformation ► The Catholic Church did not recognize Protestantism as a serious threat at first, but eventually realized the need for change ► The Catholic Church’s reform is known as the Counter- Reformation that began as an attempt to return the church to spiritual matters and make doctrines more clear  The Counter Reformation was also a campaign against the spread of Protestantism The Catholic Reformation

36. The Counter-Reformation ► Tactics of the Counter Reformation  Inquisition was brought to Rome, and the pope appointed devout and learned men as cardinals and bishops (The Counter Reformation Inquisition did not focus on punishing Protestants, but keeping Catholics within the Church)  Index of Forbidden Books – Catholics were banned from reading books considered harmful to faith and morals 36

37. 37 Counter Reformation Continued ► The Council of Trent was called to clarify doctrines, end the abuses surrounding the selling of indulgences, tighten discipline of the clergy, and emphasize the need for ceremonies because they felt God should be worshipped with Splendor

38. Counter Reformation Continued  Ceremonial actions and individual faith brought salvation  Also emphasized people must depend on priests because God granted forgiveness only through the church  Stressed free will of every person 38

39. 39 Counter Reformation Continued ► The strengthen support for the Catholic church religious orders reformed their rules as new religious orders formed  Soldiers of the Counter-Reformation – Jesuits  The Pope recognized the Jesuits as an official order of the Catholic Church  Jesuit followers took vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience to the pope, and they stressed education  They became effective agents of spreading Catholicism

40. 40 Results of the Religious Upheaval ► The movements did not bring tolerance, but war from about the 1530s through about the 1650s  Results of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation could not be seen until after the wars ► Diversity of churches appeared The Catholic Reformation

41. Bellringer ► What do you think life was like for peasants throughout the Renaissance and the Reformation? 41

42. 42 Superstitions ► Life at this time could take unexpected turns for the worse. ► The world of spirits – believed God was a distant, unknowable force; explained many events that took place as the doings of spirits so nothing was seen as an accident Section 5: Culture and Daily Life

43. Superstitions ► people looked for explanations of and control over daily life  Priests considered happenings either God’s will or God’s punishment  Villagers thought bad spirits – demons –made life difficult (lightning striking a house, pitcher of milk spoiled) 43

44. 44Witchcraft ► Belief in witchcraft – wise people who gave explanations, remedies such as spells, potions, etc. were witches  Witch hunting  Religious and secular leaders accepted witches as explanation for problems in the world around them

45. 45 Daily Life ► Farming took all day  recreation did occur at times ► Forms of recreation  drink, sew, do simple chores, or tell stories  Played skittles – a form of bowling  Travelers put on shows  Holidays poked fun at village life with ceremonies Culture and Daily Life

46. 46 The Spread of Knowledge ► Books for the masses –  Broadsides – single printed sheets with a royal decree of some crime or event  Almanacs – predictions about the weather and prospects for growing crops Culture and Daily Life

47. The Spread of Knowledge ► Religious ideas and education  printed books became available  primary schools were founded by Protestant and Catholics as they battled for loyalty of ordinary people 47

48. 48 Changes in Daily Life ► The economy – standard of living rose for some  Manorial system and serfdom declined  The black death killed many people  wages could not keep up with the rise in prices ► Diet – new spices and vegetables came from the east  Meat was scarce and expensive  Most people ate with their fingers from a common dish  Forks came in the 1500s Culture and Daily Life

49. 49 Daily Life Continued ► Housing –  people moved from country to cities  had only necessities, few had beds, few windows – wooden shutters instead  Decline of traditional culture –  peasants moved to the city to escape poverty  governments helped out in disaster