1. Dr.Sowmya.R Assistant Professor Department of Botany Yuvaraja’s College University of Mysore Mysore-India

2. AMF is the most wide spread type of symbiotic association which creates an intimate link between plants and rhizosphere. Micropropagation technique has become an important technique for the propagation of horticultural plants. AMF association with micropropagated plants improves the root health during acclimatization period and helps to establish successfully in the field.

3. In the present study an attempt has been made to discuss the efficacy of AM Fungi for improving the establishment of micropropagated banana Musa paradisiaca variety Dwarf cavendish under field conditions as alone and in combination with PSM from acclimatization period to complete establishment till the yield.

4. Plant material- Musa paradisiaca.L cv Dwarf cavendish AMF Inoculam- Glomus mosseae Glomus fasciculatum Phosphate solubilising microorganism- Trichoderma viride

6. Experiment- Two sets of experiments at P and P O – fertilizer level were carried. 1.Sucker raised (normal)plants 2. Micropropagated plants. The experiment was conducted as pot experiment and then shifted to field to main experiment.

7. The land was prepared by ploughing thoroughly and the soil in the field was brought to tilth.The size of the pits was 75cm X 75cm X 60cm which was filled with 20 kg of FYM mixed with sand and soil as 1:1:1 proportion. VAM inoculam of 250 g /pit was poured.The PSM inoculam of 100ml/pit having 50X10 5 cells/ml was added to the pits.

8. 75cm AM Inoculum 60cm PSM INOCULUM1000 ml/pit 75cm FYM+Sand+Soil=1:1:1 G.fasciculatu m Trichoderma viride G.mosseae

9. Regular leaf samples were taken and nutritional status of each plant was recorded. Root length and shoot length of plants(Pots) Fresh and dry weights of plants(Pots) Quantitative estimation of Chlorophyll content Total carbohydrates and reducing sugars content Total proteins content Total phenolics content

10. Mycorrhizal percentage was recorded by Philips and Hayman (1970) method. Mycorrhizal spore count were recorded by wet sieving and decanting method. Alkaline and acid phosphatase activity was analysed by PNP Method. Phosphorus content(Jackson method). Nitrogen content(by Kjeldhal method). Na and K content (by flame photometry method) Ca and Mg content ( by versanate titration method) The total yield of the plant was recorded in terms of number of hands per bunch, number of fingers per hand and bunch weight.

11. Treatments NormalMicropropagated % CVAS..C% CVAS.C. Uninoculated control125 401541744 Trichoderma viride1151347155 50 G. fasciculatum alone 63 2535244713852 323 G. fasciculatum + T. viride 75 3143255844758 358 G. mosseae alone 58 1936250693442 318 G. mosseae + T. viride 67 2736249783450 368 PERCENTAGE OF ROOT COLONIZATION, NUMBER OF VESICLES AND NUMBER OF ARBUSCULES IN THE ROOTS AND SPORE COUNT IN THE SOIL WITHOUT P FERTILIZER

13. Treatments NormalMicropropagated % CVAS..C% CVAS.C. Uninoculated control1516225218232658 Trichoderma viride1618215517212757 G. fasciculatum alone 81 3648271913751 348 G. fasciculatum + T. viride 86 4252286944755 363 G. mosseae alone 74 3242269843246 336 G. mosseae + T. viride 81 3443278903552 359

14. PERCENTAGE OF COLONIZATION IN PLANT TREATED WITH AMF WITH P FERTILIZER

16. Treatments Total Carbohydrates (ug/g)Reducing Sugards (ug/g) NormalMicropropagatedNormalMicropropagated LeafRootLeafRootLeafRootLeafRoot Uninoculated control867.2573.2874.2542.4417314.6438.6334.2 Trichoderma viride862.6567.2865.8552415312.4440.4331.2 G. fasciculatum alone853544.6897564431.6265447.6351.6 G. fasciculatum + T. viride 844.2542.4911.4573439.6276.6455.6354.4 G. mosseae alone859.2535895.6561.4426.2275.6447358 G. mosseae + T. viride 842.6536.8908.6566.4437.2307.6464364.5 SEM1.0001.03440.84850.87171.14890.76150.92731.1335 CD 5%2.94963.05102.50282.57142.38882.24632.73533.3436 Total carbohydrates and reducing sugars content sucker raised (normal) and micropropagated banana without P fertilizer

17. Total carbohydrates and reducing sugars content of sucker raised (normal) and micropropagated banana with P fertilizer Treatments Total Carbohydrates (ug/g)Reducing Sugards (ug/g) NormalMicropropagatedNormalMicropropagated LeafRootLeafRootLeafRootLeafRoot Uninoculated control854547.6896.2553428338.4461.8321 Trichoderma viride857.2533.4886.6550.6429.6314.6457.8329 G. fasciculatum alone843.2521.4898.2545.8337295.6421.6339.2 G. fasciculatum + T. viride 833.4513.6916.4548.5368310.8429354.8 G. mosseae alone830.2512.2902.2531.4418.2301.9424335.8 G. mosseae + T. viride839.6522.8918.4534.6416.9320.6434.6352.8 SEM1.09540.72800.74831.26490.61840.95918.22490.74330 CD 5%3.23112.14732.20723.73091.82422.829124.26032.1924

18. Treatments P ContentN ContentK ContentNa Content Normal Micropropa gated Normal Micropropa gated Normal Micropropa gated Normal Micropr opagate d Uninoculated control 0.1940.2204.385.280.11120.12280.071240.09882 Trichoderma viride 0.190.2344.665.340.11200.12310.07260.10466 G. fasciculatum alone 0.2180.2426.487.240.12990.14210.068220.1081 G. fasciculatum + T. viride 0.2380.2646.827.760.13020.14520.083280.1020 G. mosseae alone 0.210.2456.027.040.13230.14350.07440.1064 G. mosseae + T. viride 0.2320.2586.447.640.13520.14620.09390.1064 SEM0.00227 0.11210.05840.00490.00520.005670.00289 CD 5%0.006680.006690.33070.17240.18390.18720.01670.02851 Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Potassium and Sodium content in the leaves of sucker raised (normal) and micropropagated banana without P fertilizer

19. Treatments P ContentN ContentK ContentNa Content Normal Micropropagat ed Norma l Micropropa gated Normal Micropropagat ed Normal Micropropagat ed Uninoculated control 0.2140.2344.465.240.11710.12790.09380.1022 Trichoderma viride 0.2240.2444.325.340.11800.12840.09360.1029 G. fasciculatum alone 0.2540.2686.37.660.13720.14380.091860.1039 G. fasciculatum + T. viride 0.2660.2786.647.420.13980.14490.10060.1109 G. mosseae alone 0.2440.2546.087.260.13840.14400.09580.1113 G. mosseae + T. viride 0.2560.2726.447.780.13560.14710.10050.1083 SEM0.002780.00261 0.0852 2 0.063760.00670.00730.002590.0038 CD 5%0.008200.007690.25130.18800.11430.13270.007630.01127 Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Potassium and Sodium content in the leaves of sucker raised (normal) and micropropagated banana with P fertilizer

22. Acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity in the roots of sucker raised (normal) and micropropagated banana without P fertilizer. Treatments Acid phosphatase(SR) Alkaline phosphatase(SR) Acid phosphatase(RE) Alkaline phosphatase(RE ) Normal Microprop agated Normal Micropropa gated Normal Micropro pagated Normal Micropr opagate d Uninoculate d control 29.7732.647.528.6041.7342.6116.6418.22 Trichoderma viride 30.6133.167.659.1542.3643.7417.4018.83 G. fasciculatum alone 34.7436.219.6810.7845.5247.5120.4321.37 G. fasciculatum + T. viride 35.7537.6210.7913.6447.7448.7122.5623.67 G. mosseae alone 33.8037.259.4610.3145.4847.2619.6620.57 G. mosseae + T. viride 36.1337.2810.6312.3646.7048.4122.1222.73 SEM0.05960.070690.063430.066070.077310.094580.080280.0588 CD 5%0.17580.208520.187090.194880.22800.27890.23680.2736

23. Treatments Acid phosphataseAlkaline phosphataseAcid phosphatase Alkaline phosphatase Normal Micropropag ated Normal Micropropa gated Normal Micropro pagated Normal Micropr opagat ed Uninoculate d control 32.4934.518.679.6943.6644.6818.3518.97 Trichoderm a viride 31.6934.708.309.7142.7645.4418.2519.40 G. fasciculatu m alone 36.5537.5110.3911.4047.5048.5721.5122.70 G. fasciculatu m + T. viride 38.4939.5611.6714.4848.7349.6523.4624.64 G. mosseae alone 35.4436.669.6011.2146.6147.7221.3222.37 G. mosseae + T. viride 37.7638.7311.5213.5048.4248.4122.7623.57 SEM0.09840.066490.070990.069160.078312.389080.059870.0661 CD 5%0.290310.196130.209380.20390.230997.046800.176580.19510 Acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity in the roots of sucker raised (normal) and micropropagated banana with P fertilizer

24. Acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity in thesurface of roots and root extract with P-fertilizer

25. Treatments Plant height Girth of the plant No. of hands/ bunch No. of fingers/ hand Bunch Weight Normal Micropr opagate d Normal Microp ropaga ted Normal Micropr opagate d Normal Microp ropaga ted Normal Micro propa gated Uninoculated control 165.84182.7451.554.81112 1343.4846.5 Trichoderma viride 169.28184.452.5256.281112 43.3246.60 G. fasciculatum alone 179.08193.8258.763.921213121547.0849.22 G. fasciculatum + T. viride 186.28201.7664.1266.2413 1648.1651.10 G. mosseae alone 177.72191.9656.0662.7212 1545.5247.80 G. mosseae + T. viride 189.28197.2463.2265.481213 1647.1049.96 SEM0.35620.56670.23680.19780.24080.24630.36600.34440.1452 0.1856 2 CD 5%1.05061.67180.69850.58350.71030.72641.07971.01600.31320.5474 Plant growth and yield of the plant without P fertilizer.

26. Treatment s Plant heightGirth of the plant No. of hands/ bunch No. of fingers/ hand Bunch Weight Normal Micropro pagated Normal Micropr opagate d Norm al Micropr opagate d Normal Microp ropagat ed Normal Micro propa gated Uninoculate d control 167.92175.8650.4855.661112101445.9248.10 Trichoderm a viride 170.94177.1650.9255.861113111546.6848.14 G. fasciculatu m alone 181.34186.1664.7465.841314 1747.5250.20 G. fasciculatu m + T. viride 184.80192.4067.1268.581415141849.1852.52 G. mosseae alone 180.82183.6063.4465.0213 121747.1249.08 G. mosseae + T. viride 185.72188.6065.7066.8414 131748.5651.20 SEM0.32590.58470.18430.216150.21440.21900.46470.51050.21230.2181 CD 5%0.96141.72460.54370.63750.63250.64621.37081.50590.62620.6433 Plant growth and yield of the plant with P fertilizer

27. NORMAL PLANTS IN THE FIELD WITHOUT P- FERTILIZER

28. NORMAL PLANTS IN THE FIELD WITH P-FERTILIZER

33.  Better establishment through mycorrhization.  Increased plant growth interms of root and shoot length and girth of the plant.  Improved physiological status.  Improved mineral nutrition.  Increased enzyme activity.  Increase in the total yield of the mycorrhizal micropropagated plants.

34.  The two AMF species G.fasciculatum and G.mosseae colonized well in micropropagated plants in pots and continued to show well establishment in the field condition.The early mycorrhization was observed in micropropagated plants may be because of compatable specificity with Glomus species.This indicates the dependency of mycorrhiza in micropropagated plantlets during the early stages of development.  By utilizing AMF we can improve the cultivation practices of horticultural plants propagated in vitro. 