1. Wake-up
Explain the difference between photosynthesis and cell respiration in terms of carbon dioxide.
What would happen if there were no nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

2. EOC Review #4: Genetics, Meiosis, and Biotechnology

3. Meiosis

4. A sequence in DNA that codes (has the directions) for a trait.
What is a Gene?
A sequence in DNA that codes (has the directions) for a trait.

5. What is a Homologous Pair?
A pair of chromosomes with similar genes; one chromosome is from your mom and the other from your dad

6. Diploid? Formula: 2n n = the number of chromosomes
2 = two chromosomes; homologous pairs are present
-Normal number of chromosomes in organisms body cells

7. Haploid? Formula: n n = the number of chromosomes
-Single set of unpaired chromosomes (no homologous pairs) found in gametes.

8. Reproductive cell; Sex cell Males have sperm and females have eggs
What is a Gamete?
Reproductive cell; Sex cell
Males have sperm and females have eggs

9. Brief summary of Meiosis
Process in which gametes (sex cells) are made
Need to split apart the homologous pairs; reduce # of chromosomes by 1/2

10. DNA is Replicated
Homologous Pairs

11. Homologous Pairs are separated Sister Chromatids are separated
Process: Meiosis
Homologous Pairs
Meiosis I
Homologous Pairs are separated
Meiosis II
Sister Chromatids are separated

12. Process: Fertilization Combination of the egg an sperm
Zygote
Homologous Pairs

13. Meiosis produces four gametes (sex cells) with HALF the number of chromosomes of the original cell

14. If an organism has 50 chromosomes and it undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes will be present in the new cells?

15. Exchange of parts between two paired chromosomes
Crossing Over
Exchange of parts between two paired chromosomes

16. Meiosis and Crossing Over

17. Law of Independent Assortment
Homologous chromosomes will separate independently of each other during meiosis

18. What is the Benefit of Sexual Reproduction/Meiosis?
Increases Genetic Variation

19. Mendelian Genetics

20. DOMINANT allele: Expressed trait; Capital letter, Always first

21. Recessive Allele
recessive allele: Only expressed if paired with another recessive; Lowercase letter

22. What is genotype?
Combination of alleles; allele letters that code for a trait; GENETIC makeup of gene

23. a. Homozygous Dominant: Two dominant alleles
Types of Genotypes
a. Homozygous Dominant: Two dominant alleles BB

24. b. Homozygous Recessive: Two recessive alleles
Types of Genotypes
b. Homozygous Recessive: Two recessive alleles bb

25. c. Heterozygous: One dominant and one recessive allele
Types of Genotypes
c. Heterozygous: One dominant and one recessive allele Bb

26. What is phenotype?
Physical expression of trait; observable characteristic; physical appearance

27. Monohybrid Crosses
Christopherson

28. Tool used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring
Punnett Square
Tool used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring

29. What is Monohybrid Cross?
Punnett square using
only one trait.

30. If purple is dominant and white is recessive, cross a purebred (homozygous dominant) purple flower with a white flower. X PP pp

31. PP x pp p p P Pp Pp P Pp Pp

32. Cross two heterozygous purple flowers. What will be the results?X Pp Pp

33. Pp x Pp P p P PP Pp p Pp pp

34. Special Crosses: Incomplete Dominance and Codominance

35. What is Incomplete Dominance?
Blending of the dominant and recessive alleles in heterozygous
3rd phenotype

36. Plant: Snapdragons
White: r or R` or W
Red: R

37. Pink: Rr or RR` or RW

38. What is Codominance?
Both dominant and recessive alleles are expressed in heterozygous
3rd phenotype

39. Chickens: Feather Color
Black: B
White: b

40. Black and White: Bb

41. Multiple Alleles

42. What are Multiple Alleles?
Three or more alleles for a particular gene

43. Example: Blood Types

44. Different Blood Types in Humans
Blood Type A
IAIA
IAi

45. Different Blood Types in Humans
Blood Type B
IBIB
IBi

46. Different Blood Types in Humans
Blood Type AB
IAIB

47. Different Blood Types in Humans
Blood Type O ii

48. A man with blood type AB marries a woman whose genotype is O
A man with blood type AB marries a woman whose genotype is O. What blood types will their children have?

49. Karyotypes
Christopherson

50. There are _________ chromosomes in a typical human body cell.

51. There are _________ homologous pairs within these cells.

52. What are Sex Chromosomes?
Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism

53. Typical Female Sex Chromosomes

54. Typical Male Sex Chromosomes

55. Autosomes: Any chromosome that’s not a sex chromosome
22 pairs of Autosomes

56. What is a Karyotype?
Number and appearance of chromosome set

57. Understanding a Karyotype
Homologous pairs
Autosomes
Sex Chromosomes

58. Failure of the chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis
Nondisjunction
Failure of the chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis

59. 1 instead of 2 chromosomes
Monosomy
Gamete
Gamete
Mono – One
Missing a chromosome
1 instead of 2 chromosomes
Zygote

60. Turners Syndrome
XO-Single X chromosome

61. Having an extra chromosome
Trisomy
Gamete
Gamete
Tri – Three
Having an extra chromosome
3 instead of 2 chromosomes
Zygote

62. There is an extra 21st chromosome
Down Syndrome
Aka: Trisomy 21
There is an extra 21st chromosome

63. Human Genetic Disorders and Pedigrees
Christopherson

64. Caused by 2 recessive alleles
Recessive Disorder
Caused by 2 recessive alleles

65. Cystic Fibrosis
Disease that causes the body to produce unusually thick, sticky mucus that:
Clogs the lungs and leads to lung infections
Obstructs the pancreas
Stops natural enzymes from helping the body break down and absorb food

67. How does it happen? Affected Genotype: cc

68. Red blood cells carry oxygen.
Sickle Cell Anemia
Caused by an abnormal hemoglobin shape which causes the red blood cells to have a crescent shape.
Red blood cells carry oxygen.

69. How does it happen? Affected Genotype: ss

70. Dominant Disorder Caused by a dominant allele
Affected individuals are homozygous dominant or heterozygous

71. Huntington’s Disease
Causes the break down of brain cells, (neurons) in certain areas of the brain.
Causes uncontrolled movements, loss of intellectual faculties, and emotional disturbance.

72. How does it happen? Affected Genotype: HH or Hh

73. Sex-Linked Disorder Linked to sex chromosomes
Recessive Disorders – caused by recessive alleles

74. What are Sex-linked Traits?
Alleles that are attached to the sex chromosomes

75. Tricky thing about the Y chromosome
The Y chromosome does not hold any alleles

76. Inability to see colors in the normal way
Color Blindness
Inability to see colors in the normal way

77. How does it happen? Affected Genotypes: XbXb XbY

78. Inability of the blood to clot properly
Hemophilia
Inability of the blood to clot properly

79. How does it happen? Affected Genotypes: XhXh XhY

80. If a man with normal color vision marries a woman who is a carrier for colorblindness, what is the probability of their having a color-blind son? A color-blind daughter?

81. Diagram showing a family tree and patterns of inheritance.
What is a Pedigree???
Diagram showing a family tree and patterns of inheritance.

82. What type of Inheritance? What is genotype of Individual I-1?
How many generations?
What type of Inheritance?
What is genotype of Individual I-1?

83. Genetic Engineering
Christopherson

84. This means that the sequence of the genes within our DNA is known
Human Genome Project
The sequence of the 3 billion base pairs (A,T,G,C) in human DNA was discovered.
This means that the sequence of the genes within our DNA is known

85. The complete set of genetic material of an organism
Genome
The complete set of genetic material of an organism

86. Benefits of the Human Genome Project
Improve diagnosis of diseases and help with early detection of genetic disorders

87. Benefits of the Human Genome Project
Improve diagnosis of diseases and help with early detection of genetic disorders

88. Gene Therapy -Swapping an abnormal gene for a normal one -Repairing an abnormal gene

89. Example of Gene Therapy Cystic Fibrosis: Recessive Disorder

90. A healthy gene for cystic fibrosis is inserted into a vector “vehicle” and then inhaled by an affected individual.

91. *

92. Gene Therapy -Swapping an abnormal gene for a normal one -Repairing an abnormal gene

93. Example of Gene Therapy Cystic Fibrosis: Recessive Disorder

94. A healthy gene for cystic fibrosis is inserted into a vector “vehicle” and then inhaled by an affected individual.

95. *

96. Example #1: Diabetes and Insulin (Medical)

97. Example #2: Genetically Modified Food (GMO’s)

98. What is Gel Electrophoresis?
Process used to separate fragments of DNA using a charge

99. + What is the Result? Larger Fragments Well DNA Fragment ___
Shorter Fragments

100. Example III: WHO IS THE CRIMINAL?