1. Migration

2. Migration is a form of mobility – type of relocation diffusion which is a permanent move to a new location Flow of migration always involves two-way connections (leave one place – go to another) – Immigration – migration to a location – Emigration – migration from a location

3. Net migration Net migration – difference between number of immigrants and the number of emigrants – Net in-migration – number of immigrants exceeds number of emigrants – net migration is positive – Net out-migration – number of emigrants exceeds number of immigrants – net migration is negative

4. Why do People Migrate? Push factor – induces people to move out of their present location – People feel negatively about current place Pull factor – induces people to move into a new location – People view another place attractively

5. Why do People Migrate? Forced Migration – Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate. Voluntary Migration – Human migration flows in which the movers respond to perceived opportunity, not force.

6. Forced Migration – the Atlantic Slave Trade

7. Intervening obstacles Intervening obstacles is an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration Primarily environmental throughout history – Mountains, deserts, bodies of water Rocky Mountains, Great Plains, Atlantic Ocean Environmental obstacles now limited with transportation improvements

8. Push and Pull Factors Cultural Push and Pull Factors Environmental Push and Pull Factors Economic Push and Pull Factors

9. Cultural Push and Pull Factors Cultural factors can be push factors when people forced to emigrate from a country Two main reasons: slavery and political instability – Slavery – shipped to other countries, especially from Africa to Western Hemisphere – Political Instability Boundaries of new states can segregate ethnic groups Wars may force ethnic group to migrate to the other side

10. Refugees people who have been forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion Refugees have no home until another country allows them in, or conditions make possible a return to former home Over 50 million people are classified as Refugee

12. Environmental Push and Pull Factors Pulled toward physically attractive regions and pushed from hazardous ones Attractive environments include: mountains, seasides, and warm climates – Rocky Mountains and Alps – Southern Spain and southwestern U.S. Water (too much or too little) is most common adverse physical condition – Floodplain of river subject to flooding

13. Economic Push and Pull Factors Most people move for economic reasons People emigrate from place with few job opportunities and immigrate to places with more job opportunities United States and Canada prominent destination for European immigrants in the nineteenth century and Asia and Latin America today

14. Global Migration Patterns The major flows of international migrants are from less developed countries to more developed countries, especially from Asia and Latin America to North America and from Asia to Europe.

15. inter- a prefix occurring in loanwords from Latin, where it meant “between,” “among,” “in the midst of,” “mutually,” “reciprocally,” “together,” “during”

16. intra- a prefix meaning “within,” used in the formation of compound words: intramural.

17. International Migration

18. Internal Migration Permanent movement within the same country – Interregional Migration – movement from one region of a country to another Typically from rural to urban areas in search of jobs – Intraregional Migration – movement within one region Typically within urban areas, from older cities to newer suburbs

20. Interregional Migration The center has consistently shifted westward, although the rate of movement has varied in different eras. In recent decades, the center has also started to shift southward, a reflection of recent migration to the South.

21. Intraregional Migration These are the two most common Intraregional Rural to Urban Urban to Suburban

23. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration Most migrants travel only a short distance. Migrants traveling long distances usually settle in urban areas. Most migration occurs in steps. Most migration is rural to urban. Each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction ("counterflow"). Most migrants are adults. Most international migrants are young males, while more internal migrants are female.

24. Where are Migrants Distributed? Asia, Latin America, and Africa have net out-migration North America, Europe, and Oceania have net in-migration Largest flow of migrants are to Europe from Asia and to North America from Asia and Latin America Global pattern illustrates migration from less developed countries to more developed countries – 12% of U.S. are immigrants

25. Three Main Eras of Immigration 1.Initial Settlement of Colonies English or African slaves 2.Mid 19 th Century through early 20 th Century Mostly European 3.Began in 1970’s and continues today 3/4 are from Latin America and Asia U.S. Immigration Patterns

26. Europeans comprised more than 90 percent of the immigrants to the United States during the nineteenth century, and even as recently as the early 1960s, still accounted for more than 50 percent. Latin America and Asia are now the dominant sources of immigrants to the United States

27. Immigration to USA from Europe Over 40 million Europeans migrated to U.S. Statistics regarding European immigration – Germany 7.2 million – Italy 5.4 million – United Kingdom 5.3 million – Ireland 4.8 million – Russia and former Soviet Union 4.1 million

28. Why did Europeans come to USA The Industrial Revolution diffused to the rest of Europe and this effected who migrated to USA – 1840’s and 1850’s 95% of immigrants from Northern and Western Europe (2/5 from Ireland and 1/3 from Germany) – 1880’s Germany, Ireland and Scandinavian Countries – 1890’s into early 1900’s Most came from Southern and Eastern Europe – 1/4 from each Italy, Russia, and Austria-Hungary

29. Diffusion of European Culture – Emigration of 65 million brought cultural heritage to their new homes – Indo-European languages now spoke by ½ world – Christianity world’s most prevalent religion – Europeans have also planted seeds of conflict in areas they migrated to in Africa and Asia Imposed political domination and cultural values Economies became based on extracting resources for export – Past practices (arbitrary boundary lines and discrimination) has led to many of today’s conflicts Legacy of European Migration

30. Asia was leading source of immigrants between late 1970’s and 1980’s During 1990’s and 2000’s Asian immigrants mainly from China, Philippines, India, and Vietnam Immigration from Asia

31. Annual immigration increased from 60,000 in 1950’s to over 400,000 since 2000 Mexico has passed Germany as country to send most immigrants to the U.S. – People pushed by poor conditions at home and pulled by economic opportunity and social advancement in the United States – Most immigrants from Stage 2 countries Immigration from Latin America

32. Immigration from Latin America

33. Destination of Immigrants Within the United States Recent immigrants not distributed evenly – More than half in four states 1/4 in California and 1/4 in New York, Florida, and Texas Undocumented immigrants show similar pattern – Isolated in several states 1/4 in California, 1/4 in New York, Arizona, Illinois, Georgia, and New Jersey; remaining 1/4 in other 42 states Proximity influences decisions for many – Mexicans prefer California or Texas – Cubans prefer Florida

34. Destination of immigrants by source and U.S. states. California receives about one-fourth of all immigrants, with the largest numbers from Mexico, the Philippines, Vietnam, and China. New York and New Jersey receive another one-fourth of immigrants, especially from the Dominican Republic. A large number of Cubans go to Florida, Mexicans to Texas, and Mexicans and Poles to Illinois.

36. Obstacles to Migration Immigrants face two major difficulties 1.Gaining permission to enter a new country 2.Hostile attitudes of citizens once they enter country Policies to control the arrival of foreigners 1.U.S. uses a quota system to limit foreign citizens 2.Western Europe and Middle East permit guest workers to work temporarily, but not permanently

37. U.S. Quota Laws Laws established in 1921 and 1924 established quotas, or maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the U.S. form each country during a 1- year period

38. Quotas per country eliminated and replaced with hemisphere quotas -1965 U.S. Quota Laws

39. Guest workers – citizens of poor countries who obtain jobs in Western Europe and Middle East – Guest workers in Europe are protected by minimum- wage laws and labor union contracts take low-status and low skilled jobs local residents do not want – Guest workers still make much more $$ than at home – Guest worker’s native country benefits as their unemployment rate decreases and guest workers sends $$$ back to the family - Remittance Foreign currency stimulates the economy – Most guest workers come from North Africa, Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Asia (distinct patterns) Temporary Migration for Work

40. Describe what you see as USA’s Attitude towards immigration

41. Americans always had some level of suspicion, but tolerated during 19 th century – Helped settle the frontier – made productive farms – Opposition to immigration intensified when immigrants from southern and eastern Europe arrived 1911 study called them racially inferior Recently several states have voted to deny undocumented immigrants access to most public services (schools, day-care, health clinics) – Unwilling to help needy immigrants U.S. Attitudes Toward Immigrants