1. Intervening Obstacles Hinders migration Historical- mountains deserts oceans Modern Day- passports, visas

2. U.S. Quota Laws 1924: 1965 1978 1990 Preferences –Family reunificaton (chain migration) –Skilled workers –diversity Brain Drain

3. Unauthorized immigration Characteristics of unauthorized immigrants –Source country –Children –Years in the United States –Labor Force –Distribution

4. Undocumented Immigration to the United States Undocumented immigrants –½ enter legally (students, tourists) but remain after they are supposed to leave –½ illegally cross the border without passport or visa –Become “documented” with forged documents –The minority caught are deported

6. Americans divided on issue of immigration 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act –Could become permanent residents if they could prove continuous residence & apply for citizenship after 5 years –Few applied –Discouraged immigration it made it harder for recent immigrants to get jobs because of employer fines

7. U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all U.S. immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.

9. U.S. Immigrant Destinations ¼ California ¼ New York, Florida,Texas Coastal Cities Similar distribution whether legal or illegal Mexico  California, Texas, Illinois Caribbean  New York, Florida Chinese, Indians  California, New York Other Asians  California

12. Undocumented Immigration: Mexico to Arizona Fig. 3-7: The complex route of one group of undocumented migrants from a small village north of Mexico City to Phoenix, Arizona.

13. United States/Mexico Border

14. Characteristics of Migrants Gender- Age and Education

15. Immigration Concerns in the United States Border Patrols Workplace Civil Rights Local Inititives Label controversy –Unauthorized immigrant, undocumented immigrant, illegal alien

16. Immigration Concerns in Europe Sources Opponents of Immigration Europeans as Emigrants

17. Undocumented Immigrants in the US Fig. 3-7: California, Texas, and Florida are the leading destinations for undocumented immigrants to the U.S.

18. U.S. - Mexico Border at Tijuana The U.S. side of the border is uninhabited and separated from Mexico by a fence

19. U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all US immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois. What are the “US gateway” states? Story of a migrant http://www.pbs.org/pov/alotrolado/lesson_plan.php#activity http://www.pbs.org/pov/alotrolado/lesson_plan.php#activity

20. Guest Workers Migrants allowed into a country to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides  Have short term work visas  Send remittances to home country

21. Guest Workers in Europe Fig. 3-9: Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe.

22. Global Remittances http://www.economist.com/node/21553458/print

23. Turkish Kebab Stand in Germany

24. Gravity Model When applied to migration, larger places attract more migrants than do smaller places. Destinations that are more distant have weaker pull effect than do closer opportunities of similar caliber

25. AP Human Geography GRAVITY MODEL

26. Gravity Model Uses size of location and distance as factors for travel Size of location takes precedent over distance The gravity model can be used to estimate: Traffic Flows Migration between two areas The number of people likely to use one central place

27.  The GRAVITY MODEL of MIGRATION is a model, derived from Newton's law of gravity.  Newton's law states that: "Any two bodies attract one another with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.” The GRAVITY MODEL of MIGRATION is used to predict the degree of interaction between two places

28.  When used geographically, the words 'bodies' and 'masses' are replaced by 'locations' and 'importance' respectively,.  Importance can be measured in terms of population numbers, gross domestic product, or other appropriate variable.

29. The gravity model of migration is therefore based upon the idea that as the importance of one or both of the location increases, there will also be an increase in movement between them.

30. o The farther apart the two locations are, however, the movement between them will be less. o This phenomenon is known as distance decay.

31. The simplistic version of the gravity model of migration is as follows: Mij = gravity model prediction of migration between origin i and destination j Pi = population of origin State i Pj = population of destination State j dij = distance from origin i to destination j M ij = P i *P j d ij 2

32. CITYPOPULATION (2012) ATLANTA443,775 NEW YORK CITY8,336,697 KNOXVILLE182,200 AUSTIN842,592 LOS ANGELES3,857,799 CHICAGO2,714,856 TULSA393,987 COMPARE ATLANTA TO EACH OF THE CITIES LISTED

33. Ullman ’ s Spatial Interaction Model AP Geography

34. Travel patterns for purchase of clothing and yard goods. A) Canadian rural cash-economy. B) Canadian older Mennonite sect. Getis, Getis, Fellmann Very different travel behaviors show the differences that may exist in the “action spaces” of different cultural groups occupying the same territory.

35. Chicago Travel Patterns: shows 96% of all trips. What factors influence & create these patterns of interaction? Getis, Geits, Fellmann

36. Edward Ullman ’ s Theory Spatial Interaction is controlled by three flow- determining factors. 1. Complementarity 2. Transferability 3. Intervening Opportunity

37. Complementarity For two places to interact, one place must have a supply of an item for which there is an effective demand. Example: product: Oil - Interaction: US - Middle East Differences of place is not enough to create interaction. Example: rain forest and Greenland

38. What is Effective Demand? Desire for the item (demand) Purchasing Power - $$$ Means to transport the product - rail, road, internet, ship etc.

39. Transferability Refers to mobility of a commodity Spatial interaction occurs only when acceptable costs of an exchange are met. Costs include both Time and Money

40. Transferability Function of Three Conditions. Characteristics and value of product. The distance measured in time and money. The ability of the commodity to bear the costs of movement. –Both physical and economic. –If the time and money costs are too great interaction does not occur. –Buyer seeks substitute or goes without product.

41. Intervening Opportunity Closer opportunities will reduce the the attractiveness of interaction with more distant- even slightly better- alternatives. Example -ski area in Big Bear. The snow is not as good as Tahoe. But people in Southern Calif. are more likely to ski in Big Bear. A B C

42. Measuring Spatial Interactions Key Concepts and Theories

43. Friction of Distance Distance has a retarding effect on human interactions because there are increasing penalties in time and cost associated with longer distances.

44. Space-Time Compression How do we measure relative distance - miles, time, cost? How is this different than absolute distance? What effects has information technology had on relative distance? Discuss - impacts on daily lives, cultural change, migration. Draw graphic to illustrate Space-Time Compression

45. Refugees People who flee across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion

46. Refugees: Sources & Destinations Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.

47. Hurricane Katrina Migrants A major natural disaster represents an environmental push factor for forced migration.

48. Scene from The Grapes of Wrath The Dust Bowl in the 1930s led to forced migration from the Great Plains to California and elsewhere.

49. Subsaharan Africa North Africa and Southwest Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Europe Regions of Dislocation

50. How Do Governments Affect Migration? Immigration laws U.S. history –Little restriction –Quotas by nationality –Selective immigration