1. FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING RESEARCH Sixth Edition CHAPTER Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Presentation and Discussion of Study Findings 16

2. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objectives 1.Describe The Methods Used To Present Research Findings 2.Discuss The Findings Of Research Studies 3.Relate Study Findings To Study Hypotheses 4.Distinguish Between Statistical And Clinical Significance

3. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objectives 5.Identify The Conclusions Of Research Studies 6.Determine the Implications Of Research Studies 7.Discuss The Recommendations Of Research Studies 8.Critique The Findings, Conclusions, Implications, And Recommendations Of Published Research Studies

4. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective One Learning Objective One Identify The Conclusions Of Research Studies

5. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Presentation of Factual Findings Narrative form Tables

6. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Narrative Presentation Clear and concise Qualitative studies –Narrative predominates –Direct quotes and discussion of patterns and themes from data

7. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Narrative Presentation (cont’d) Quantitative studies –Present data that support or fail to support each hypothesis –Should include the statistical test used, test results, degrees of freedom, and probability value

8. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Tables Easy to understand and interpret A footnote should include –Statistical test that was used –Test results –Degrees of freedom –Probability value

9. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Tables (cont’d) Table composition –Columns –Rows –Cells

10. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Figures Type of visual presentation other than a table Include graphs, diagrams, line drawings, and photographs Particularly useful in presenting demographic data about subjects

11. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Two Learning Objective Two Determine the Implications Of Research Studies

12. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Discussion of the Findings Allows the researcher to make interpretations of the findings More subjective section than the presentation of the findings Discusses aspects of results that agree and those that do not agree with previous research and theoretical explanations Reports study limitations

13. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Three Learning Objective Three Discuss The Recommendations Of Research Studies

14. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Relation of Study Findings to Hypotheses Presentation of inferential statistics used to test the hypotheses

15. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Results of Hypothesis Testing The null hypothesis is not rejected. The null hypothesis is rejected and research hypothesis is supported. The null hypothesis is rejected and results are opposite from the prediction of the research hypothesis.

16. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Research Hypothesis Supported Degree of certainty Not due to chance

17. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Null Hypothesis Not Rejected Negative results may be as important as positive results. Be objective Explain negative results

18. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Results Not Consistent With Research Hypothesis Not supportive of the study’s theoretical framework May be incongruent with previous research results Give tentative explanations Recommend further research

19. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Four Learning Objective Four Critique The Findings, Conclusions, Implications, And Recommendations Of Published Research Studies

20. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Statistical Versus Clinical Significance Statistical significance –Null hypothesis has been rejected. –Differences or correlations are not likely to be by chance. –May not be clinically important

21. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Statistical Versus Clinical Significance (cont’d) Clinical significance –Findings may be useful in clinical setting with patients. Best outcome –Statistically and clinically significant

22. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Five Learning Objective Five Identify The Conclusions Of Research Studies

23. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Study Conclusions Knowledge gained Findings generalized Discussion focus –Study problem, purpose, hypothesis, and theoretical framework

24. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Six Learning Objective Six Determine the Implications Of Research Studies

25. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Implications The “shoulds” that result from a study Conceivable changes that are based on the conclusions of the study –More research is called for to further verify the study results. –No change is needed. –Changes need to be made based on the study conclusions.

26. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Seven Learning Objective Seven Discuss The Recommendations Of Research Studies

27. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Recommendations Propose replications Consider study limitations Suggest extension of study

28. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Replication of the Research Study Involves carrying out a study similar to one previously done Minor changes are made from the previous study.

29. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Consideration of Study Limitations in Future Research Alteration in the sample Alteration in the instrument Control of variables Change in methodology

30. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Extensions of the Research Study Suggests future research based on –Findings of a particular study –Findings of previous research –Current state of the theoretical framework that was used in the study

31. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Eight Learning Objective Eight Critique The Findings, Conclusions, Implications, And Recommendations Of Published Research Studies

32. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Critique the Findings Be objective Use subjective interpretations Formulate implications for practice, education, and research Offer recommendations