1. Post combustion capture of CO 2 Nick Otter International Workshop on “Power Generation with CCS in India” Ashok Hotel, New Delhi, India 22 nd January 2008

2. © ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited. Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 2 CO 2 capture solutions Zero emission technology pathways Main goal: Cost of CO 2 avoided: < 20 €/t CO 2 Source: Vattenfall FOCUS OF ALSTOM Post-combustion (New +retrofit) Oxy-combustion (New +retrofit) Pre-combustion (Newplants only) Power Plant with CO 2 Capture Source: Vattenfall

3. © ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited. Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 3 Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) supplies in worldwide power plants ……..importance of addressing existing base, especially recently/to be installed OEM supplied at least the Turbine, the Generator, or the Steam Generator Source: UDI - ALSTOM GW Total World end 2005 ~ 4100 GW

4. © ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited. Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 4 CO 2 capture solutions : Post-Combustion opportunities and challenges − Large industrial experience − Partial capture − Adaptable to all boilers − Retrofitable − Operation flexibility − Potential in other industries − Advanced technologies in pipeline Opportunities Innovation Challenges Cost − Solvent regeneration − Solvent consumption − CO 2 compression − IntegrationTechnology − Adapt to low pressure − New solvents − Advanced process − Scale-up validation − Corrosion issues − Adaptation to installed base

5. © ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited. Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 5 Going down the experience curve : Post Combustion CO 2 Capture 199520002005 2010 2015 Parson s- Study (Fluor) ABB Lummu s Process Optimisation Advanced Amines Process Innovations Chillled Ammoni a Process Data of current project s 1,350 BTU/lb 3150 kJ/kg 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Heat of Reaction [kJ/kg] Process Optimisation CO 2 €/T 45-35 35-2525-15 (not including transport and storage) Advanced Amines

6. © ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited. Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 6 Development Plan of Chilled Ammonia Process

7. © ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited. Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 7 Chilled ammonia process A promising technology for post combustion carbon capture Principle Ammonia (NH 3 ) reacts with CO 2 and water. It forms ammonia carbonate or bicarbonate Moderately raising the temperatures reverses the above reactions – releasing CO 2

8. © ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited. Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 8 Chilled ammonia technology validated at large bench scale Results 90% Capture demonstrated On CO2 concentrations as low as 3-4% Bicarbonate solids are easy to handle Low NH3 emissions obtained Regeneration validated Results used to design field pilot systems at We Energies and E.ON 0.25 MW Large Bench scale

9. © ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited. Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 9 5 MWt Pilot Plant (USA) Start-up end 2007 Advantages High efficiency capture of CO 2 and low heat of reaction Low cost reagent No degradation during absorption-regeneration Tolerance to oxygen and contaminations in flue gas Chilled ammonia technology being addressed at field pilot scale : coal

10. © ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited. Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 10 Mongstad 40 MWth Start-up 2010 – 100 kt/yr CO 2 shipped to Snøvit in North Sea Chilled ammonia technology being addressed at demonstration scale : gas

11. © ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited. Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 11 CO 2 capture solutions : Oxy-combustion opportunities and challenges − Lowest technological risk option − Same power gen size possible − Repowering and Retrofit − All boiler technologies adaptable − Potential boiler size reduction − Fuel flexibility − Rupture technology in pipeline − Gasification Opportunities Innovation Challenges Cost − Cryogenic oxygen − CO2 compression − Heat flow optimisation − IntegrationTime − On time DevelopmentTechnology − Scale-up validation − Adaptation to installed base − Innovation

12. © ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited. Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 12 Heat of Reaction (BTU/lb) Going down the experience curve : Oxy Combustion CO 2 Capture 20002010 2020 2030 Process Optimisation Integration & Process Improvt Process Innovation 400 375 300 250 200 150 Energy requirements [KWh / TCO 2 ] Large Demos Large ASU Chemica l looping ENCAP studies Scale economy Non cryo O 2 production CO 2 €/T40-25 30-1525-10 (not including transport and storage)

13. © ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited. Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 13 Oxy-combustion: 30 MW th oxyfuel demonstration Test of CO 2 capture at Vattenfall Site „Schwarze Pumpe“ Source: Vattenfall Main parameters 5,2 t/h Solid Fuel, 10 t/h Oxygen 40 t/h Steam, 9 t/h Carbon Dioxide Goal: validation and improvement of oxyfuel process starting 2008 Alstom supplies the oxy-boiler (as well as steam generator and electrostatic precipitator)

14. © ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited. Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 14 Chemical Looping Gasification Advanced Capture Processes Oxygen Fired CFB Chemical Looping  Combustion  Gasification Chemical Looping Combustion H2H2 O 2 fired CFB

15. © ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited. Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 15 Oxy-fired PC, Oxy-fired CFB and Chemical Looping 20102016 - 2020042005200620072008200920112012201320142015 Commercialization Oxy-fired PC Lab scale tests (500kWt) Demonstration scale tests (30MWt) Utility scale tests (250MWe) Oxy-fired CFB Chemical Looping 1 2 3 4 Pilot scale (3MWt) Demonstration Scale tests (10-40MWe) Utility scale tests (>150MWe) Commercialization 4 2 3 1 1 Bench tests (10-100 kWt) Pilot scale (1-3 MWt) Demonstration scale tests 10-20 MWe 2 3 Com 5 Source : ALSTOM analysis Utility scale 50- 100MWe 4

16. © ALSTOM 2007. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited. Post combustion CO2 capture OTTER PG & CCS Seminar New Delhi, 22-23 January 2008 : 01/01/2007 P 16 Cost discovery zone Carbon capture technology comparison A portfolio of technologies must be validated at large scale * * Based on a 400 MWnet design, versus 650 Mwnet for other technologies

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