1. Health Science I Section 2.02 Blood
Hematology
Health Science I
Section 2.02
Blood

2. Hematology OBJECTIVES
Upon Completion of this unit, the student will be able to:
1H07 Analyze the anatomy and physiology of the blood.
1H07.01 Explain the structure of the blood.
1H07.02 Analyze the function of the blood
1H07.03 Discuss characteristics and treatments of common blood disorders

3. Hematology

4. Hematology 1H07.01 Explain the structure of the blood.
Adult = 8-10 pints
Composition
Plasma
Serum
Cellular components (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets)
Straw colored
Contains water, blood proteins, plasma proteins, nutrients, etc.

5. Hematology Erythrocytes Shape = biconcave discs, donut-shaped
Hemoglobin
Gives red color
Heme is iron, globin is protein
Arterial blood is bright red = lots of oxygen
Venous blood is dark crimson = lots of CO2

6. Hematology Leukocytes
May be granular, agranular, translucent or ameboid
Larger than erythrocytes
Types of white cells
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

7. Hematology Thrombocytes Platelets Make the blood clot
Smallest solid components of blood
Not cells – fragments of megakaryocytes

8. Hematology 1H07.02 Analyze the function of the blood.
Four main functions
1. Transport oxygen, nutrients, cellular waste products and hormones
2. Aids in distribution of heat
3. Regulates acid-base balance
4. Helps protect against infection

9. Hematology Plasma 1. Liquid part of blood 2. Plasma proteins
a. Fibrinogen – blood clotting
b. Albumin – osmotic pressure and volume
c. Prothrombin – helps blood coagulate, production dependent on Vitamin K
3. Reduction of Heparin

10. Hematology Erythrocytes 1. Contain hemoglobin
a. Transports O2 to tissues and CO2 away from cells
b. Red cells travel to lungs to get O2 and give up CO2, then to tissues to deliver O2 and pick up CO2
2. Erythropoiesis – manufacture of red cells in bone marrow
3. Life span
a. Red cells live 120 days
b. Old cells broken down by spleen and liver
4. Hemolysis – rupture of erythrocyte from blood transfusion or disease

11. Hematology Leukocytes 1. Fight infection
2. Phagocytosis – white cells surround, engulf and digest harmful bacteria
3. Basophils produce heparin – (anticoagulant), respond to allergic reactions (Histamine)
4. Diapedesis – when white cells move through capillary walls into neighboring tissues
5. Inflammation
a. Body’s reaction to chemical and physical trauma
b. Pathogenic – disease producing microorganisms that can cause infection
c. Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and pain
d. Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues (edema)

12. Hematology Thrombocytes (Platelets) 1. Synthesized in red marrow
2. Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process
Coagulation
1. Cut or injury causes to break/clump
2. Chain reaction follows and involves the release of thromboplastin, prothrombin, thrombin and fibrinogen
3. Fibrin creates a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma, creating a blood clot
4. Anticoagulants prevent blood clotting
5. Heparin is an anticoagulant

13. Hematology Blood types
1. Four major types, determined by presence or absence of an antigen on the surface of the red blood cell
a. A
b. B
c. O
d. AB
2. Inherited from parents
3. Antibody – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body
a. Someone with type A blood has b antibodies
b. Someone with type B blood has a antibodies
c. Someone with type AB blood has no antibodies
d. Someone with type O blood has a and b antibodies

14. Hematology 4. Universal donor – O 5. Universal recipient – AB
6. Red cells may also contain Rh factor
1H07.03 Discuss characteristics and treatment of common blood disorders.
A. Inflammation
1. Pus
2. Abscess
3. Pyrexia
4. Leukocytosis
5. Edema

15. Hematology Leukopenia – decrease in WBCs
C. Anemia – deficiency in number or % of RBCs
1. Iron-deficiency anemia
a. Usually women, children and adolescents
b. Deficiency of dietary iron causing insufficient hemoglobin
c. Rx with iron supplements, green leafy vegetables
2. Aplastic anemia
a. Bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells
b. Cause – drugs or radiation therapy
3. Sickle cell anemia
a. Chronic, inherited blood disorder
b. RBCs abnormal sickle (crescent) shape
c. Sickle cells break easily and carry less oxygen
d. Occurs primarily in African Americans

16. Hematology Polycythemia – too many RBCs
E. Embolism – moving blood clot
F. Thrombosis (thrombus) – formation of a blood clot in a vessel
G. Hematoma
1. Localized mass of blood found in organ, tissue or space
2. Caused by injury that causes a blood vessel to rupture
H. Hemophilia
1. Hereditary – sex-linked, transmitted from mother to son
2. Missing clotting factor
3. Blood clots slowly
4. Rx with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma

17. Hematology I. Thrombocytopenia 1. Not enough platelets
2. Blood does not clot properly
J. Leukemia
1. Malignancy
2. Overproduction of immature white blood cells
3. Research on cord blood

18. Hematology Terminology
albumin
antibody
anticoagulant
antigen
basophil
coagulation
diapedesis
eosinophil
erythrocyte
erythropoiesis
fibrin
fibrinogen
hemoglobin
hemolysis

19. Hematology Terminology
heparin
inflammation
leukocyte
lymphocyte
monocyte
neutrophil
pathogenic
phagocytosis
plasma
platelets
prothrombin
Rh factor
serum

20. Hematology Terminology
thrombin
thrombocyte
universal donor
universal recipient 
Disorders and Related Terminology 
abscess
anemia
aplastic anemia
edema
embolism
hematoma
hemophilia

21. Hematology Terminology
inflammation
iron-deficiency anemia
leukemia
leukocytosis
leukopenia
polycythemia
pus
pyrexia
Sickle cell anemia
thrombocytopenia
thrombosis
thrombus

22. Hematology Average adult = 8-10 pints of blood Functions:
Transports nutrients, oxygen, cellular waste products, and hormones
Aids in distribution of heat
Regulates acid-base balance
Helps protect against infection

23. Hematology Composition:
Plasma – liquid portion of blood without cellular components
Serum – plasma after a blood clot is formed
Cellular elements are red cells, white cells and platelets

24. Hematology PLASMA Straw colored, contains – Water Blood proteins
Plasma proteins (3 types)

25. Hematology Plasma proteins:
FIBRONOGEN – necessary for blood clotting, synthesized in the liver
ALBUMIN – from the liver, helps maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and volume
PROTHROMBIN – a globulin which helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K necessary for prothrombin synthesis.

26. Fibrin

27. Prothrombin = Vitamin K

28. Hematology PLASMA Nutrients Electrolytes Hormones, vitamins, enzymes
Metabolic waster products

29. ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs)
Biconcave discs

30. Hematology ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs)
HEMOGLOBIN – gives red color, heme is iron and globin is protein.
Function = transports oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away from cells
Normal – men =14-18 gm, women = gm

31. Hematology ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs)
Function of Hemoglobin:
Red cells travel through the lungs where O2 is carried to tissues and released
CO2 picked up and carried back to lungs for exchange

32. Arterial blood vs Venous blood
lots of oxygen = bright red
lots of CO2 = dark crimson

33. Hematology ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs)
What is carbon monoxide poisoning?

34. Hematology ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs)
ERYTHROPOIESIS
Manufacture of red blood cells
Occurs in bone marrow 
Red cells live 120 days
Old cells broken down by the spleen and liver

35. ERYTHROPOIESIS

36. Hematology ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs)
HEMOLYSIS – rupture or bursting of erythrocyte, can be from a blood transfusion or disease.

37. Hematology LEUKOCYTES (WBCs)
Larger than erythrocytes
5 types:
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Normal leukocyte count = 3,200 – 9,800

38. LEUKOCYTES (WBCs)

39. Hematology LEUKOCYTES (WBCs)
PHAGOCYTOSIS – process when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria.

40. Hematology LEUKOCYTES (WBCs)
Basophil produce HEPARIN – an anticoagulant
DIAPEDESIS – when white cells move through capillary wall into neighboring tissue.

41. Hematology Inflammation
Body’s reaction to chemical or physical trauma
PATHOGENIC – disease producing microorganisms can cause inflammation
Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and pain
Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues (edema)

42. Hematology Inflammation
HISTAMINE increases the blood flow to the injured area
PUS produced – a combination of dead tissue, dead and living bacteria, dead leukocytes and plasma
ABSCESS – pus-filled cavity below the epidermis
PYREXIA – increase in body temperature by the hypothalamus – in response to pathogenic invasion

43. Pus Formation

44. Abscess & Pus

45. Hematology Inflammation
LEUKOCYTOSIS – increase in the number of white cells in response to infection
LEUKOPENIA – decrease in number of white cells due to chemotherapy or radiation

46. Hematology THROMBOCYTES (Platelets)
Smallest of solid components of blood
Synthesized in red marrow
Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process

47. Hematology THROMBOCYTES (Platelets)
COAGULATION
Cut or injury  platelets and injured tissue release THROMBOPLASTIN  act on PROTHROMBIN in plasma  + Calcium ions converts to THROMBIN  the thrombin acts as an enzyme and changes FIBRINOGEN  FIBRIN creating a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma creating a blood clot.

48. Coagulation

49. Hematology THROMBOCYTES (Platelets)
ANTICOAGULANTS – prevent blood clotting
HEPARIN = antiprothrombin
PROTHROMBIN – dependent on Vitamin K

50. BLOOD TYPES Four major types of blood- A, B, AB and O
Inherited from parents
Determined by presence or absence of an ANTIGEN on the surface of the red blood cell

51. BLOOD TYPES
ANTIBODY – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body.
Someone with type A blood has b antibodies
Someone with type B blood has a antibodies
Someone with type AB blood has no antibodies
Someone with type O blood has a and b antibodies

52. BLOOD TYPES Red cells also may contain Rh factor
If you have it, you’re Rh +
If you don’t, you’re Rh –

53. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD  
ANEMIA:
Deficiency in number or % of red cells

54. Symptoms of Anemia

55. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA :
Usually in women, children and adolescents
Deficiency of iron in the diet causing insufficient hemoglobin synthesis
Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy vegetables

56. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD APLASTIC ANEMIA:
Bone marrow does not produce enough red and white blood cells
Caused by drugs or radiation therapy

57. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD SICKLE CELL ANEMIA:
Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents
Causes the red cells to form in abnormal sickle shape
Sickle cells break easily and carry less oxygen
Occurs primarily in blacks
Treatment – blood transfusions

58. Sickle Cell Anemia

59. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD POLYCYTHEMIA:
Too many red blood cells are formed
May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude

60. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD EMBOLISM:
Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. that is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage
Also known as a “moving blood clot”

61. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD THROMBOSIS:
The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel
The blood clot is a THROMBUS

62. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD HEMATOMA:
Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space.
Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture

63. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD HEMOPHILIA: Hereditary Missing clotting factor
Blood clots slow or abnormally
Sex-linked – transmitted genetically from mothers to sons
Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma

64. Hemophilia

65. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD Not enough platelets
THROMBOCYTOPENIA:
Not enough platelets
Blood will not clot properly

66. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD LEUKEMIA: Malignant condition
Overproduction of immature white blood cells
Hinders synthesis of red cells