1. Industrialization & The Gilded Age

2. New Inventions (contributing to America’s economic progress)
Bessemer Process – for making steel
Sewing machine
Telegraph
Telephone
Oil well
electricity

7. Transcontinental Railroad
First completed in 1869
Made it possible to travel to California
Addition railroad construction created a demand for steel and tied the country together, creating a truly national market from coast to coast

11. free enterprise system
Contributed to America’s economic growth by encouraging entrepreneurs to develop new industries and expand them

13. Other factors contributing to America’s economic growth
Population growth
The rise of the corporate form of business
Skills of entrepreneurs

14. Andrew Carnegie
Successful entrepreneur who helped organize and increase production
Bought iron ore fields, coal mines & ships to have complete control over the production of steel.
He kept wages low and spent millions on philanthropy

18. John D. Rockefeller
Another successful entrepreneur who helped organize and increase production
Made his fortune refining oil
He obtained secret, beneficial rates from train companies, giving him a competitive advantage

20. laissez-faire
Under the system of laissez-faire, government took a “hands-off” policy towards business.
Nevertheless, the government promoted economic growth by providing a system of laws to protect property and enforce contracts, regulating currency and interstate trade, and imposing tariff duties on foreign goods.

21. Working Conditions
Workers faced difficult conditions in industrial America.
Most were unskilled and spent long days at boring, repetitive tasks for low wages.
They lacked any job security.
Working conditions were often unhealthy or hazardous.

22. Unions Workers tried to bargain collectively by forming unions
Occasionally went out on strike – temporarily refusing to work.

27. Knights of Labor
The Knights of Labor tried to unite all American workers, both skilled and unskilled, into one national labor union, but this was not successful.

28. American Federation of Labor
The A.F. of L. led by Samuel Gompers, was a national federation of different craft unions of skilled workers.

31. Which of the following accurately describes an effect of electrical power on the U.S. textile industry in the late 19th century?
Because electric-powered sewing machines were harder to operate, the textile labor pool transitioned from predominately female to nearly all male workers
The introduction of computer technology allowed for the creation of customized stitches with little human intervention.
As electrical sewing machines dominated textile manufacturing, prices of ready-made clothing soared for consumers
Power-driven sewing machines and cloth cutters rapidly moved textile manufacturing from tailor shops to large factories

32. Which of the following business innovations resulted in the most enhancements for business and labor efficiency at the turn of the 20th century?
The introduction of global positioning products
The rise of labor unions and collective bargaining
The passage of legislation banning child labor
The introduction of scientific practices into management and production

33. Organizations such as the American Federation of Labor represent attempts to --
gain control of state and federal legislatures
change from a free enterprise economic system to socialism
Bring more unskilled and immigrant workers into the labor force
Improve wages, hours, and working conditions

34. …one of the serious obstacles to the improvement of our race is indiscriminate charity. It were better for mankind that the millions of the rich were thrown in to the sea than so spent as to encourage the slothful, the drunken, the unworthy. Of every thousand dollars spent in so called charity to-day, it is probable that $950 is unwisely spent; so spent, indeed as to produce the very evils which it proposes to mitigate or cure. ” Andrew Carnegie, Gospel of Wealth, 1889

35. Andrew Carnegie promoted the ideas contained in the passage from Gospel of Wealth by --
funding philanthropic works such as the creation of public libraries
donated large sums of money to soup kitchen and clothing drives for the poor
raising the wages of workers in his Homestead steel factory
urging ratification of an amendment creating a graduated income tax

36. Quick Review of last week’s content:
As you come in and get your pizza. Read over your notecards from last week to prepare for a few review questions from last week’s content:
Industrialization and the Gilded Age

37. The statement “God gave me my money
The statement “God gave me my money. I believe the power to make money is a gift from God to be developed and used for the good of mankind,” was probably said by --
John D. Rockefeller
Terrence Powderly
Samuel Gompers
Thomas Edison

38. The Interstate Commerce Act (1887) and the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) were efforts by the federal government to ---
regulate aspects of business
expand the positive features of the trusts
favor big businesses over small companies
move toward government ownership of key industries

39. “ …Anyone may say that the organizations of labor invade or deny liberty to the workmen. But go to the men who worked in the…coal mines twelve, fourteen, sixteen hours a day, for a dollar or a dollar and twenty five cents, and who now work eight hours a day and whose wages have increased 70 per cent in the past seven years – go tell those men that they have lost their liberty and they will laugh at you…” Samuel Gompers to National Civic Federation, 1905, in The Samuel Gompers Papers

40. Based on the previous passage, what did Gompers see as the benefit of joining a union?
Workers had gained better working conditions.
Workers now worked longer hours in coal mines.
Workers were able to work for a dollar and twenty five cents.
Workers were able to have their children work in mines.

41. During the Gilded Age there was a notable increase in federal support for --
the growth of big business
involvement in foreign wars
the acquisition of foreign territories
increased temperance regulations