1. Aim: What led to the Emergence and Spread of New Belief Systems? Global History and Geography Regents Review Unit 1 Section 4

2.  Animism  Brahman  Reincarnation  Karma  Dharma  Upanishads  Buddha  Nirvana  Monotheistic  Torah  Messiah  Bible  Hijra  Qur’an  Sharia  Missionaries  Diaspora Key People and Terms

3. What is Christianity?  Began in Palestine with the teachings of a Jew named Jesus. Jesus is said to have been born of the Virgin Mary and is the son of God.  Jesus is believed to be the Messiah which means “Savior”. Jesus was arrested by the Romans and crucified by Pontius Pilate for going against Jewish law. Jesus was nailed to the cross and left to die.

4.  Jesus is said to have risen from the grave after his death. Jesus’ followers worked to spread his teachings even though they faced arrest and execution from the Romans.  In 313, the Roman Emperor Constantine ended the persecution of the Christians and in 392 Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire. Jesus and his followers accept the Ten Commandments that God had given to the Jews through Moses

5.  Christians use the Bible as their sacred text. The bible consists of two parts. The old testament which includes the Hebrew scriptures, books of law, history, writing and poetry. The New Testament includes the Gospels and other teachings written by Jesus’ followers.

6. Christianity Salvation and eternal life to those who follow Jesus Faith in one God Jesus is the son God and the Messiah or Savior The Sacred Text of Christianity is the Bible God gave the Hebrews the Ten Commandments through Moses Jesus teaches mercy, sympathy, brotherhood, and equality of all people before God

7. What is Judaism  According to Hebrew tradition, the Jews became enslaved in Egypt and God helped them escape slavery. In about 1000 BC the Hebrews set up a Kingdom in Israel with Jerusalem as the capital. The Jews believe that God promised them this land.  Judaism is one of the first Monotheistic religions. They believed that God was all knowing, all powerful, and present everywhere.

8.  The Sacred text of the Jews is the Torah.  The Jews believe that God gave them the Ten Commandments through Moses. The ten commandments are the laws that describe how people should behave toward God and each other.

9. Judaism Prophets taught about moral standards and justice One true God is present everywhere and is all knowing God made a covenant with Abraham God chose the Hebrews as his people The Torah is the sacred recording of laws and events in Jewish history God gave the Hebrews the Ten Commandments through Moses

10. What is Islam?  In 570, an Arab named Muhammad was born in Mecca. According to Islamic tradition, the angel Gabriel came to Muhammad and commanded him to spread the message of Islam.  Muhammad obeyed the command and starting spreading the messages of Islam. Followers of Islam are known as Muslims.

11.  Muslims follow five basic duties known as The Five Pillars.  The Quran is the sacred text of Islam. The Sharia is the book of laws for Muslims.

12. The Five Duties of Islam Muslims believe in one God named Allah, who is all powerful and all knowing, and Muhammad is his greatest Prophet Muslims are expected to pray five times daily Muslims are expected to give money to the poor Muslims are expected to fast from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan Muslims are required to visit Mecca at least once in their lives if they are physically able

13. What is Hinduism?  Hindus believe in the Brahman or single unifying spirit. Hindus believe that no human can fully understand the Brahman and therefore they worship three Gods.  Brahma the creator  Vishnu the Preserver  Shiva the Destroyer.  The goal of life for Hindus is to achieve union with Brahman.

14.  Hindus believe in Reincarnation or the rebirth of the soul in a new body.  People must obey the law of Karma which consists of the good deeds of a person’s life that affect his or her existence in the next life.  The good deeds of Karma involve following Dharma or the moral and religious duties that are expected of an individual.

15.  Hindu teachings were recorded in the Vedas which was a collection of prayers and sacred texts. The Upanishads is a collection of Hindu beliefs.  The Caste System is a system of social grouping. When a person is born; they are born into a certain caste from which they cannot move during a lifetime. However, with good karma people can be reincarnated into a higher caste.

16. The Caste System Karma determines Caste In this lifeIn next life Higher Caste Lower Caste A person is Born into a caste If good and obeys caste If bad and disobeys caste

17.  The caste system is a follows:  Brahmins- who are priests.  Kshatriyas- who are the warriors.  Vaisyas- who are farmers, artisans, and merchants.  Sudras- who are farm workers and servants.  Untouchables- who are the lowest ranked peoples.

18. What is Buddhism?  Founded by Siddharta Gautama who was born a Hindu. While mediating under a tree he found the answer to his question and he was then called the Buddha or the Enlightened One.  Buddha’s teaching were collected into the Tripitaka or Three Baskets of Wisdom.  Buddhists follow the Four Noble Truths…

19.  The Four Noble Truths 1.All life is suffering. 2.Suffering is caused by desire for things that are illusions. 3.The way to eliminate suffering is to eliminate desire. 4.Following the Eightfold Path will help people overcome desire. The ultimate goal is Nirvana which will end the cycle of death and rebirth. The ultimate goal is Nirvana which will end the cycle of death and rebirth.

20. Who was Confucius? Born in 551 BC, Confucius was China’s most influential thinker. His work is written in “The Analects”. Born in 551 BC, Confucius was China’s most influential thinker. His work is written in “The Analects”. Confucius taught people to accept their given place in society. Confucius taught people to accept their given place in society. Confucius taught that; Older people are superior to younger people, Men are superior to women, and that every person had duties and responsibilities that depended on their position in life. Confucius taught that; Older people are superior to younger people, Men are superior to women, and that every person had duties and responsibilities that depended on their position in life.

21. Confucius also taught: –People are naturally good. –Education should be the road to advancement in society. –To ensure social order, the individual must find and accept his or her proper place in society Superior Ruler, Husband, Father, Elder brother Inferior Subject, Wife, Son, Younger brother Takes care of and sets good examples for… Owes loyalty and obedience to…

22. Confucius Quotes: o A superior man is modest in his speech, but exceeds in his actions. o Ability will never catch up with the demand for it. o An oppressive government is more to be feared than a tiger. o And remember, no matter where you go, there you are. o Better a diamond with a flaw than a pebble without. o By three methods we may learn wisdom: First, by reflection, which is noblest; Second, by imitation, which is easiest; and third by experience, which is the bitterest. o Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life.

23. o Do not impose on others what you yourself do not desire. o Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it. o Faced with what is right, to leave it undone shows a lack of courage. o If I am walking with two other men, each of them will serve as my teacher. I will pick out the good points of the one and imitate them, and the bad points of the other and correct them in myself. o If we don't know life, how can we know death? o If you shoot for the stars and hit the moon, it's OK. But you've got to shoot for something. A lot of people don't even shoot. o If you think in terms of a year, plant a seed; if in terms of ten years, plant trees; if in terms of 100 years, teach the people.