1. session QoS vs bulk QoS Bob Briscoe Chief Researcher, BT Group Oct 2008

2. 2 End users ISPs as ASPs QoS bypass QoS = differentiated congestion delay & bandwidth as link rates increase, congestion delay becoming a non-problem all the bandwidth-demanding applications are taking the QoS they need just taking a larger than average cost share of the best efforts service policing peak access ratevol capDPITCAflowspec FIFO Diffserv edge AC local e2e AC IP link technologies resource sharing / scheduling ASPs I S P s endpoint transport resource sharing €€€€€/b Q. bulk or session QoS? A. bulk, but BE bulk QoS

3. 3 the information supermarket aisles self check-out check-outs $100/wk take what you need

4. 4 QoS interconnect evolution by company death is too slow years need market evolution (by financial perf) months or weeks aisles self check-outcheck-outs aisles self check-outcheck-outs aisles self check-outcheck-outs $10,000/wk take what you need €10,000/wk take what you need $100/wk take what you need ¥1,000/wk take what you need ISPs as ASPs cross- subsidy

5. 5 Superpower Users QoS interconnection includes BE QoS QoS interconnection is not just about explicit QoS mechanisms starts with visibility of BE costs including at interconnect [Laskowski06, Briscoe05]... this is how to get to this future where apps minimise cost, even if they transfer large volumes (limiting peak volume will wrongly cap BitTorrent DNA)

6. 6 legend: re-ECN downstream congestion marking [%] NANA NDND NBNB NCNC receiver sender marks 3% of packets automatic interconnect usage cost allocation highly congested link marking 2.8% of packets lightly congested link marking 0.2% of packets marking in 2.8% of packets crossing interconnect a single flow of packets

7. 7 NDND NANA NBNB NCNC solution legend: interconnect aggregation simple internalisation of all externalities 'routing money' re-ECN downstream congestion marking [%] bit rate area = instantaneous downstream congestion volume just two counters at border, one for each direction meter monthly bulk volume of packet markings = aggregate downstream congestion volume in flows without measuring flows 0|0|2|7|6|0|5 € € €

8. 8 as an attribute of the customer contract, not the network customer can roam without changing network differentiated services & admission control just happen bulk congestion policer Internet 0.3% congestion 0% 0.1% 2 Mb/s 0.3Mb/s 6 Mb/s Acceptable Use Policy Your 'congestion volume' allowance: 1GB/month (= 3kb/s continuous) This only limits the traffic you can try to transfer above the maximum the Internet can take when it is congested. Under typical conditions this will allow you to transfer about 70GB per day. If you use software that seeks out uncongested times and routes, you will be able to transfer a lot more. Your bit-rate is otherwise unlimited 0|0|2|7|6|0|5 operators can synthesise a carrier grade admission control service out of this see pre-congestion notification (PCN) working group at the IETF

9. 9 summary everyone's got their eye on the wrong balls volume  cost (congestion) AF, EF & session QoS  BE QoS cost policing intra-domain & inter-domain

10. session QoS vs bulk QoS Q&A refs spare slides

11. 11 more info interconnected visibility of BE cost The Internet's missing link: rest of path metrics at interconnect [Laskowski06] Paul Laskowski and John Chuang, "Network Monitors and Contracting Systems: Competition and Innovation" In: Proc. ACM SIGCOMM'06, Computer Communication Review 36 (4) pp. 183--194 (September, 2006) A way to do rest of path metrics [Briscoe05] Bob Briscoe, Arnaud Jacquet, Carla Di-Cairano Gilfedder, Andrea Soppera and Martin Koyabe, "Policing Congestion Response in an Inter-Network Using Re-Feedback“ In: Proc. ACM SIGCOMM'05, Computer Communication Review 35 (4) (September, 2005) pre-congestion notification (PCN) Diffserv’s scaling problem [Reid05] Andy B. Reid, Economics and scalability of QoS solutions, BT Technology Journal, 23(2) 97–117 (Apr’05) PCN interconnection for commercial and technical audiences: [Briscoe05] Bob Briscoe and Steve Rudkin, Commercial Models for IP Quality of Service Interconnect, in BTTJ Special Edition on IP Quality of Service, 23(2) 171–195 (Apr’05) www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/B.Briscoe/pubs.html#ixqos IETF PCN working group documents in particular:tools.ietf.org/wg/pcn/ [PCN] Phil Eardley (Ed), Pre-Congestion Notification Architecture, Internet Draft (Sep’08)www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-pcn-architecture-06.txt [re-PCN] Bob Briscoe, Emulating Border Flow Policing using Re-PCN on Bulk Data, Internet Draft (Sep’08)www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/B.Briscoe/pubs.html#repcn these slides www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/B.Briscoe/present.html

12. 12 best efforts (b) strict priority (g) q g +q b qbqb weak competition price of expectation of better service arbitrarily higher p g >> p b perfect competition price differential  cost differential p g  p b pgpg pbpb marking probability shouldn't network charge more for lower congestion? apologies for my sleight of hand actually aiming to avoid congestion impairment (loss / delay) congestion marking = congestion avoidance marking alternatively, congestion marking = price marking clearly should charge more for higher 'price marking' Diffserv example may help [Gibbens02]

13. 13 call server SIP PCN system arrangement highlighting 2 flows (P) expedited forwarding, PCN-capable traffic (P) non-assured QoS (N) RSVP/RACF per flow reservation signalling reserved 1 2 4 3 Reservation enabled RSVP/PCN gateway PCN & Diffserv EF Reserved flow processing Policing flow entry to P Meter congestion per peer Bulk pre-congestion marking P scheduled over N IP routersData path processing table of PCN fraction per aggregate (per previous big hop) b/w mgr 2 4 3 3 3 3 1 1

14. 14 Pre-Congestion Notification (algorithm for PCN-marking) PCN pkt? Yes No virtual queue (bulk token bucket) PCN marking probability of PCN packets 1 Prob X = configured admission control capacity for PCN traffic  X (  < 1) virtual queue (a conceptual queue – actually a simple counter): –drained somewhat slower than the rate configured for adm ctrl of PCN traffic –therefore build up of virtual queue is ‘early warning’ that the amount of PCN traffic is getting close to the configured capacity –NB mean number of packets in real PCN queue is still very small PCN packet queue Non-PCN packet queue(s) 2 4 3 3 3 3 1 1 P N Expedited Forwarding

15. 15 value-based charges over low cost floor over IP, currently choice between A.“good enough” service with no QoS costs (e.g. VoIP) –but can brown-out during peak demand or anomalies B.fairly costly QoS mechanisms – either admission control or generous sizing this talk: where the premium end of the market (B) is headed a new IETF technology: pre-congestion notification (PCN) service of ‘B’ but mechanism cost competes with ‘A’ –assured bandwidth & latency + PSTN-equivalent call admission probability –fail-safe fast recovery from even multiple disasters core networks could soon fully guarantee sessions without touching sessions some may forego falling session-value margins to compete on cost the Internet cost-based revenue value-based revenue designed for competitive pressure towards true marginal cost app signal (SIP) QoS admission priority forwarding & PCN NANA NANA NBNB NBNB NDND NDND R S per session bulk data