1. Effect of Load and Environmental Factors on the Performance of Airports Pavements in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Presented by: Hazim M Abdulwahid,MSC,MBA Hazim Consulting Condition Pavement Life

2. QPavement Management QResearch Objectives & Methodology QConclusion QData Collection & Analysis

3. Pavement Management

4. Airfields Pavement Design Construction Management QMajor investment in Airports Construction QProvide good riding quality, QPermitting safe operation of aircraft under all weathering condition. QMaximum Pavement Performance during design life

5. Q Have we provided adequate load carrying capacity ? Q Have we provided good riding quality? Q Have we permitted safe operation of aircraft under all weathering condition ? QHave we provided pavement with less maintenance ? Airfield Pavement Design

6. Airfield Pavement Management  Where to maintain ?  When to maintain ?  How to maintain ? EXCELLE NT GOOD FAIR POOR VERY POOR FAILED Pavement Life 40% DROP IN QUALITY 75% OF LIFE 40% DROP IN QUALITY 12% OF LIFE $1.00F FOR RENOVATION HERE

7. QThe adequacy with which pavements fulfills its intended function with accumulated use, “is often characterized with a performance index”. QThe change of serviceability with time is a measure of pavement performance. Pavement Performance EXCELLEN T GOOD FAIR POOR VERY POOR FAILED Pavement Life 40% DROP IN QUALITY 75% OF LIFE 40% DROP IN QUALITY 12% OF LIFE $1.00F FOR RENOVATION HERE $4.000F FOR RENOVATION HERE

8. QTraffic loading QEnvironmental conditions Factors Affecting Pavement Performance North -KSA Middle –KSA East – KSA “Proper Pavement Design and Maintenance “

9. Research Objectives & Methodology

10. Evaluate the performance of selected airfield flexible pavements and determine the effect of traffic loads and environmental factors on pavement performance : Condition Pavement Life QDevelop necessary modifications to account for local condition. QEnhance the prediction of pavement performance. QImprove M&R decision making. QImprove overall Pavement Management practices.

11. Data Collection Inventory Pavement Physical Properties Pavement Conditions Traffic Environmental Results( Effect of Loads and Environmental Factors ) Determine Environmental and Load Performance Indices Develop Performance Curves Study Distresses and Pavement Condition Index (PCI) Records Selection of Airports / Pavement Sections Structural Assessment Conclusions and Recommendation

12. Data Collection, and Analysis

13.  Availability of Pavement design data.  Availability of Construction dates.  Availability of Pavement condition records  Sites geographical locations.  Traffic records. QTwenty (20) sites were investigated to determine the availability of the relevant data for the study. QNine (9) sites were selected based on : Riyadh Arar AL-Jouf Tabok Wejh Hail Gassim AL-Baha Bisha Yanbu

14. Riyadh Arar AL-Jouf Tabok Wejh Hail Gassim AL-Baha Bisha Yanbu  Availability of Pavement design data.  Availability of Construction dates.  Availability of Pavement condition records  Sites geographical locations.  Traffic records. QTwenty sites were investigated to determine the availability of the relevant data for the study. QNine sites were selected based on : Arar

15. Riyadh Arar AL-Jouf Tabok Wejh Hail Gassim AL-Baha Bisha Yanbu  Availability of Pavement design data.  Availability of Construction dates.  Availability of Pavement condition records  Sites geographical locations.  Traffic records. AL-Jouf QTwenty sites were investigated to determine the availability of the relevant data for the study. QNine sites were selected based on :

16. Riyadh Arar AL-Jouf Tabok Wejh Hail Gassim AL-Baha Bisha Yanbu  Availability of Pavement design data.  Availability of Construction dates.  Availability of Pavement condition records  Sites geographical locations.  Traffic records. Tabuk QTwenty sites were investigated to determine the availability of the relevant data for the study. QNine sites were selected based on :

17. Riyadh Arar AL-Jouf Tabok Wejh Hail Gassim AL-Baha Bisha Yanbu  Availability of Pavement design data.  Availability of Construction dates.  Availability of Pavement condition records  Sites geographical locations.  Traffic records. Wejh QTwenty sites were investigated to determine the availability of the relevant data for the study. QNine sites were selected based on :

18. Riyadh Arar AL-Jouf Tabok Wejh Hail Gassim AL-Baha Bisha Yanbu  Availability of Pavement design data.  Availability of Construction dates.  Availability of Pavement condition records  Sites geographical locations.  Traffic records. Yanbu QTwenty sites were investigated to determine the availability of the relevant data for the study. QNine sites were selected based on :

19. Riyadh Arar AL-Jouf Tabok Wejh Hail Gassim AL-Baha Bisha Yanbu  Availability of Pavement design data.  Availability of Construction dates.  Availability of Pavement condition records  Sites geographical locations.  Traffic records. Hail QTwenty sites were investigated to determine the availability of the relevant data for the study. QNine sites were selected based on :

20. Riyadh Arar AL-Jouf Tabok Wejh Hail Gassim AL-Baha Bisha Yanbu  Availability of Pavement design data.  Availability of Construction dates.  Availability of Pavement condition records  Sites geographical locations.  Traffic records. Gassim QTwenty sites were investigated to determine the availability of the relevant data for the study. QNine sites were selected based on :

21. Riyadh Arar AL-Jouf Tabok Wejh Hail Gassim AL-Baha Bisha Yanbu  Availability of Pavement design data.  Availability of Construction dates.  Availability of Pavement condition records  Sites geographical locations.  Traffic records. Al-Baha QTwenty sites were investigated to determine the availability of the relevant data for the study. QNine sites were selected based on :

22. Riyadh Arar AL-Jouf Tabok Wejh Hail Gassim AL-Baha Bisha Yanbu  Availability of Pavement design data.  Availability of Construction dates.  Availability of Pavement condition records  Sites geographical locations.  Traffic records. Bisha QTwenty sites were investigated to determine the availability of the relevant data for the study. QNine sites were selected based on :

23.  The keel section, designated as loaded section which is typically experience the greatest frequency of load.  Outer lanes, designated as unloaded section, and typically experienced no or few load repetitions. Unloaded (A) 15MLoaded (B) 15M Unloaded (C)15M

24. Section 1C Section 1B Section 1A Section 2C Section 2B Section 2A Section 3C Section 3B Section 3A Traffic Construction History, PCI and NDT data. Unloaded (A) 15MLoaded (B) 15M Unloaded (C)15M QDivision of runways loaded and unloaded lanes into sections based on :

25. Section 1C Section 1B Section 1A Section 2C Section 2B Section 2A Section 3C Section 3B Section 3A QSelection of two adjacent runway sections one from the central loaded lane and one from the outer unloaded lane : - Structural Design - Construction history Unloaded (A) 15MLoaded (B) 15M Unloaded (C)15M

26.  Pavement sections were subjected to several condition surveys at different intervals of its life ( 10 to 20 years ).  All surveys were based on PAVER Distresses system(ASTM-654).  16 Distresses classified based on their cause: - Load associated - Climate associated - Other Factors Pavement Distresses & Condition Index

27.  Pavement Condition Index (PCI) records.(ASTM-654)  At Least three evaluation records were considered for each section. Pavement Distresses and Condition Index  PCI = Distresses Deducted value - 100 The percentage of deducted values attributed to each distress was the basis for determining the primary cause of pavement deterioration. (load, climate, and other).

28.  The main contribution to pavement deterioration : - In 75% of the PCI records were the environmental / durability related distresses. - In 25% of the PCI records were the load related distresses.  Typical distresses: - in Loaded sections : Alligator cracks, depression and longitudinal cracks - in non-loaded sections : Block cracks and raveling &weathering.

29. Section 2B Section 2A Unloaded (A)15M Loaded (B)15M  Pavement performance : the rate of change in the pavement condition index (PCI) with time.  Performance Equation: PCI = a+b(age)+c(age)2  Pavement performance curves were plotted : for loaded and non- loaded sections at each Airport. LOADED Section UNLOADED Section PCI= 99.999 + 1.12965 AGE – 0.11781 AGE^2 R^2= 0.89205 PCI= 100.003 + 0.44617 AGE – 0.06613 AGE^2 R^2= 0.92866

30. LOADED Section UNLOADED Section PCI= 100.00 + 2.10896 AGE – 0.49358 AGE^2 R^2= 0.938281 PCI= 100.00 + 0.41452 AGE – 0.13247 AGE^2 R^2= 0.938281 Notice : Effects of maintenance was eliminated Baha Airport Riyadh Arar AL-Jouf Tabok Wejh Hail Gassim AL-Baha Bisha Yanbu

31. Riyadh Arar AL-Jouf Tabok Wejh Hail Gassim AL-Baha Bisha Yanbu LOADED Section PCI= 100.035 - 1.60367 AGE – 0.205973 AGE^2 R^2= 0.991603 UNLOADED Section PCI= 99.9912 - 0.298316 AGE – 0.15856 AGE^2 R^2= 0.997835 Gassim Airport Pavement Performance curves

32. Riyadh Arar AL-Jouf Tabok Wejh Hail Gassim AL-Baha Bisha Yanbu LOADED Section UNLOADED Section PCI= 100.011 - 2.37761 AGE – 0.030490 AGE^2 R^2= 0.9950 PCI= 99.996 - 3.45479 AGE – 0.01059 AGE^2 R^2= 0.99300 Bisha Airport

33. Riyadh Arar AL-Jouf Tabok Wejh Hail Gassim AL-Baha Bisha Yanbu LOADED Section UNLOADED Section PCI= 100.00 – 0.69806 AGE – 0.30844 AGE^2 R^2= 0.97700 PCI= 100.00 – 0.58767 AGE – 0.12012 AGE^2 R^2= 0.99300 Arar Airport Notice : Effects of maintenance was eliminated

34. Riyadh Arar AL-Jouf Tabok Wejh Hail Gassim AL-Baha Bisha Yanbu LOADED Section UNLOADED Section PCI= 99.999 + 1.12965 AGE – 0.11781 AGE^2 R^2= 0.89205 PCI= 100.003 + 0.44617 AGE – 0.06613 AGE^2 R^2= 0.92866 Tabuk Airport

35. Riyadh Arar AL-Jouf Tabok Wejh Hail Gassim AL-Baha Bisha Yanbu LOADED Section UNLOADED Section PCI= 100.00 + 3.82791 AGE – 0.58766 AGE^2 R^2= 0.9999 PCI= 100.00 + 1.5909 AGE – 0.22727 AGE^2 R^2= 0.9999 Hail Airport Notice : Effects of maintenance was eliminated

36. Riyadh Arar AL-Jouf Tabok Wejh Hail Gassim AL-Baha Bisha Yanbu LOADED Section UNLOADED Section PCI= 99.9987 + 0.209323 AGE – 0.0387145 AGE^2 R^2= 0.966874 PCI= 99.9975 + 0.48299 AGE – 0.0440318 AGE^2 R^2= 0.971844 Wejh Airport

37. Riyadh Arar AL-Jouf Tabok Wejh Hail Gassim AL-Baha Bisha Yanbu LOADED Section UNLOADED Section PCI= 99.9987 + 0.209323 AGE – 0.0387145 AGE^2 R^2= 0.966874 PCI= 99.9975 + 0.48299 AGE – 0.0440318 AGE^2 R^2= 0.971844 Yanbu Airport

38. Average Rate of Deterioration ADR = (PCI t=o - PCI t=I) / age  DR - loaded section >DR non- loaded section “in the same Airport “.  DR has increased in the second interval of pavement life.  DR for loaded sections: 0.16 to 5.8 (point/year) DR for unloaded section : 0.1 to 3 (point /year) LOADED Section UNLOADED Section Rate of Pavement Deterioration

39. Age Pavement Condition Index (PCI) 100 50 0 Consumed Performance Area due to Load Effect Performance Curve- Unloaded section Performance Curve Loaded section Consumed performance area due to non load (Environmental) Effect. Consumed Performance Index Section 2B Section 2A Unloaded (A)15M Loaded (B)15M

40.  In 4 Airports : CPI (non- load) > CPI (load ) “non- load factors have the main contribution to pavement deterioration “  In 4 Airports : CPI(non- load)< CPI (load) “Loads have the main contribution to pavement deterioration “  In 1 Airport : CPI(non- load) = CPI (load) “ loads and non load factors have equally contributed to pavement deterioration “ Consumed Performance Index

41. Actual verses allowable traffic / Existing verses required pavement thickness “ All of the nine Airports pavements were carrying less traffic than the design allowable traffic.” Structural assessment were carried out following the FAA design procedures (FAA AC 150 / 5320-6C). “pavement thicknesses required for the actual traffic levels were less than the existing pavement thicknesses.”

42. QConclusion

43. 1. The predominant pavement distresses in the nine Airfields:  Alligator cracking ( central loaded runway section)  Longitudinal and transverse cracking ( Loaded and unloaded sections )  Block cracking ( unloaded sections )  Weathering and raveling ( loaded and unloaded sections ) 2. The main cause of pavement deterioration in the majority of the PCI records for the runway sections were environmental related distresses.

44. 3. The main contributor to the reduction in pavement performance in the majority of the nine Airfields was the environmental related factors. 4. Based on the PCI records most of the Airfield Pavements were found in good condition even after 10 years of construction. 6. As environmental distresses were predominant in most of the facilities, application of slurry seal and similar maintenance applications is a feasible maintenance alternative. 5. The pavements at the nine Airfields were structurally over designed for the level of operating traffic. 7. As environmental distresses were predominant in most of the facilities, application of slurry seal and similar maintenance applications could be considered a feasible maintenance alternative.

45. Thank you Condition Pavement Life