1. Restoration (1814/5-1830) July Monarchy (1830-1848) Second Republic (1848-1852)

2. Restoration (1814/5-1830) ► Louis XVIII (Bourbon line of royal family) ► Tried to restore many of the elements of the ancien régime. ► Kept a number of reforms from Napoleon:  Departments  New courts  Tax system  Bank of France (centralized state bank)  Napoleonic Code ► Charles X – conservative; went further than Louis XVII

3. July Revolution (1830) ► Three-day revolution in July 1830. All classes against the monarchy. ► Change in royal families: Bourbon line (légitimiste) to the Orléans line ► Constitutional monarchy ► Louis-Philippe the “bourgeois king” – the bourgeois or July monarchy lasting until 1848 ► Embraced bourgeois ideals – emphasis on the role of money. ► Honoré de Balzac La Comédie humaine in part a critique of the era. ► Karl Marx – Das Kapital appreciated Balzac’s analysis of society

4. Liberty Leading the People Eugène Delacroix (1830)

5. 1832

6. Transformations ► Increased percentage of people eligible to vote: based on taxation. ► Reduced birth rate ► Industrial “revolution” – slow and steady ► Bad working and living conditions ► Cholera epidemics in 1832 and 1853-4 ► Rise of socialism and anarchism to defend workers’ rights and create protections for workers.

7. Second Republic (1848-1952) ► February 1848 revolution: all classes against the monarchy. ► Universal male suffrage ► Elected Louis Bonaparte (nephew of Napoleon) ► June 1848 – second uprising. Split in social classes ► Coup d’état 1851 – President for life ► 1852 becomes Emperor Napoleon III ► Government: Second Empire 1852-1870

8. barricades

10. Some points to retain ► Political instability ► Repeated popular uprisings often resulting in overthrow of the government ► Poor living conditions