1. Psychology Unit 1 Review

2. Psychology The scientific study of human thought processes and behavior

3. Goals of Psychology Describe, predict, explain, and control behavior

4. Empirical Science A science in which assumptions are supported by evidence

5. Behavioral Psychology Only looks at overt or observable behavior All actions that behaviorists study are public and can be measured by simple observation

6. Cognitive Psychologist Focus on mental representations of the world, memories, problem solving strategies, biases, and prejudices Ex: Conducting surveys, analyzing journals, conducting tests

7. Satisfactory Theory A theory that helps predict behavior

8. Clinical or Counseling Psychologist Help people with psychological problems adjust to the demands of life (ex: anxiety, depression, etc…)

9. School psychologist Are experts in problems with teaching and learning Typically work in school districts, where they diagnose learning and behavior problems by consulting with teachers, students, and parents.

10. Industrial/Organizational Psychologist Specialize in modifying the work environment to maximize productivity May work with developing interviewing and testing procedures, developing training programs, market research, etc…

11. Personality psychologists Define human traits and influence on human thought process, feelings, and behavior. Explains normal and abnormal behaviors

12. Social psychologists Concerned with nature and causes of individual’s thoughts, feelings, and overt behavior in social situations

13. Engineering Psychologists Work at the interface between people and equipment May design devices for easy and reliable human use, or try and detect what went wrong with a piece of equipment (human error)

14. Clinical child psychologists Help children overcome and adjust to problems.

15. Forensic psychologists Apply psychological expertise within the criminal justice system.( expert witnesses, counsel officers on stress, train police in handling suicides, hostage crises, family disputes, etc…)

16. Nature Heredity Biological makeup

17. Nurture Environment

18. Pseudopsychology phony, unscientific psychology masquerading as the real thing Examples: mysterious powers of the mind, supernatural influences, astrology, graphology, fortune telling

19. Confirmation Bias The tendency to attend to evidence that compliments and confirms our beliefs or expectations, while ignoring evidence that does not.

20. Experimental psychology Does basic research on psychological processes

21. Teaching psychologists Psychologists whose primary job is teaching typically at high schools, colleges, or universities

22. Applied psychologists Psychologists who use the knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems.

23. Wilhelm Wundt Credited with the “birth of psychology”

24. Aristotle First author of a book about psychology

25. Structuralism The mind consists of three basic elements- sensations, feelings, and images- which combine to form experience Introspection: Reporting one’s own conscious experience

26. Functionalism Emphasizes use or function of the mind rather than elements of experience Experiences permit us to function and adapt to our environments

27. Behaviorism Limits studies to measurable events Focuses on… Response- a movement or other observable reaction to stimuli. Stimuli- something causing or regarded as causing a response

28. Gestalt Psychology Emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns.

29. Psychoanalysis School of psychology founded by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives, past experiences and conflicts as determinants of human behavior.

30. Biological View Behavior is determined by brain structure and chemicals, and by inborn responses to external cues for survival and reproduction.

31. Developmental View Behavior is determined by the interaction of nature and nurture

32. Cognitive View Behavior is a result of mental interpretations of our experience

33. Psychodynamic View Sees behavior as arising from unconscious needs, conflicts, repressed memories, and childhood experiences.

34. Humanist View Focuses on self-concept, perceptions, and interpersonal relationships, and on the need for personal growth

35. Behavioral View Believes we respond to stimulus cues and to our history of rewards and punishments

36. Sociocultural view Sees behavior as heavily influenced by culture, by social norms and expectations, and by social learning

37. Evolutionary/Sociobiological View Sees behavior as determined by natural selection

38. Trait View Behavior results from each person’s unique combination of traits

39. The Scientific Method 1.Formulate a question 2.Hypothesis 3.Test Hypothesis 4.Analyze Results

40. Naturalistic Observation Method A scientific method that observes organisms in their natural environments Use unobtrusive, or non-interfering measures

41. The Survey Method A method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people is questioned about their attitudes and behaviors. -questionnaires -interviews -examine public records

42. Blind Experiments Subject unaware if he or she has received or not received treatment

43. Double Blind Experiments Neither the subjects nor the persons measuring the results knows who received the treatment

44. Cognitive Dissonance The basic idea behind cognitive dissonance theory is that people do not like to have dissonant cognitions. As a result, when someone experiences two or more dissonant cognitions (or conflicting thoughts), they will attempt to do away with the dissonance.

45. How we deal with cognitive dissonance 1.Ignore it- Ice cream is not bad for me 2.Alter the importance- ice cream is so good that I can not do without it 3.Add new cognitions- I exercised a lot this week or I ate a small dinner 4.Avoid any type of information on the subject-I refuse to read health magazines

46. Stanford Prison Experiment Zimbardo’s intention was to look at behaviors within the prison system by running a simulation for 2 weeks Because of the chaotic and unforeseen behaviors the study was stopped after 6 days