1. From Manuscript to Printing Press to Computer Chip Studying Early Music in Digital Format Susan Forscher Weiss Johns Hopkins University Ichiro Fujinaga McGill University

2. 2/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Outline History: Research & Pedagogy History: Research & Pedagogy Databases Databases Computer Applications Computer Applications Conclusions / Future Conclusions / Future

3. 3/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Music Research & Pedagogy Old way Old way Primary sources: mss, prints (travel, permissions) Primary sources: mss, prints (travel, permissions) Books, periodicals, microfilms, photocopies Books, periodicals, microfilms, photocopies Slides, handouts, overhead transparencies Slides, handouts, overhead transparencies Analog recordings, video, scores Analog recordings, video, scores

4. 4/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga

5. 5/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Music Research & Pedagogy Intermediate solutions Intermediate solutions Local database (on-line library catalogues) Local database (on-line library catalogues) E-mail, mailing lists E-mail, mailing lists CD, DVD, CD-ROM CD, DVD, CD-ROM

6. 6/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Peabody Renaissance CD-ROM

7. 7/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Peabody Renaissance CD-ROM

8. 8/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Peabody Renaissance CD-ROM

9. 9/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Peabody Renaissance CD-ROM

10. 10/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Peabody Renaissance CD-ROM

11. 11/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Peabody Renaissance CD-ROM

12. 12/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Music Research & Pedagogy New way New way Web-based courses Web-based courses Web databases Web databases Web resources Web resources Web portals Web portals

13. 13/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Course Pages MusL 242: Music of the Middle Ages and Renaissance (C. Cyrus, Vanderbilt) MusL 242: Music of the Middle Ages and Renaissance (C. Cyrus, Vanderbilt) MUSIC 310: Ancient and Medieval Music (T. Ward, UIUC) MUSIC 310: Ancient and Medieval Music (T. Ward, UIUC) The Gregorian Chant Home Page (P. Jeffery, Princeton) The Gregorian Chant Home Page (P. Jeffery, Princeton) Music 2223: Renaissance Music (G. Callon, Acadia) Music 2223: Renaissance Music (G. Callon, Acadia) Music 610.311: Music History I (S. F. Weiss, Johns Hopkins) Music 610.311: Music History I (S. F. Weiss, Johns Hopkins)

14. 14/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga WebCT (S. Weiss)

15. 15/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Wegman: Demonstration of Borrowing

16. 16/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Three Types of Databases General references General references Specialized metadata Specialized metadata Music databases Music databases Indices Indices Text Text Facsimile Facsimile

17. 17/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga General references Grove Music Online Grove Music Online

18. 18/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Grove Music Online (2nd ed., opera, jazz) 45,000 articles, 6000 contributors

19. 19/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga General references Grove Music Online Grove Music Online RILM ( RILM (Répertoire International des Littérature Musicales)

20. 20/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Music article abstracts after 1996 (329,000 items from 6200 journals)

21. 21/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga General references Grove Music Online Grove Music Online RILM ( RILM (Répertoire International des Littérature Musicales) RISM ( RISM (Répertoire International des Sources Musicales)

22. 22/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Index to music manuscripts after 1600 456,000 items by 18,000 composers

23. 23/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga General references Grove Music Online Grove Music Online RILM ( RILM (Répertoire International des Littérature Musicales) RISM ( RISM (Répertoire International des Sources Musicales) RELICS RELICS (Renaissance Liturgical Imprints: A Census)

24. 24/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga RELICS (books on worship, 13,882 entries)

25. 25/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga RELICS on MIRLYN

26. 26/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga General references Grove Music Online Grove Music Online RILM ( RILM (Répertoire International des Littérature Musicales) RISM ( RISM (Répertoire International des Sources Musicales) RELICS RELICS (Renaissance Liturgical Imprints: A Census) RIPM ( RIPM (Répertoire International de la Presse Musicales) Music Index Music Index International Index to the Performing Arts International Index to the Performing Arts Online journals Online journals Early Music, Music Quarterly, etc. Early Music, Music Quarterly, etc. JSTOR (back issues: all major music journals!) JSTOR (back issues: all major music journals!)

27. 27/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Early Music (Christopher Page)

28. 28/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Specialized metadata: Composers Dufay Dufay Hildegard of Bingen Hildegard of Bingen Ockeghem Ockeghem Josquin Josquin Dowland Dowland Lawes Lawes Machaut Machaut

29. 29/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Machaut on the Web

30. 30/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Specialized metadata: Portals Classical Music Resources (Duke University) Classical Music Resources (Duke University)

31. 31/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Classical Music Resources (Duke University)

32. 32/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Specialized metadata: Portals Classical Music Resources (Duke University) Classical Music Resources (Duke University) Cecilia (UK and Ireland) Cecilia (UK and Ireland) Ufficio Ricerca Fondi Musicali di Milano Ufficio Ricerca Fondi Musicali di Milano Early Music FAQ (medieval.org) Early Music FAQ (medieval.org)

33. 33/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Early Music FAQ (medieval.org)

34. 34/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Early Music Composers (medieval.org)

35. 35/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Specialized metadata: Sound Recordings WorldCat (OCLC: 1.7M recordings, 1.2M scores) WorldCat (OCLC: 1.7M recordings, 1.2M scores) SONIC (LC: 2.5M recordings) SONIC (LC: 2.5M recordings) National Sound Archives (BL: 3M recordings) National Sound Archives (BL: 3M recordings) allclassical.com allclassical.com 100K albums 100K albums 250K compositions 250K compositions 20K Medieval/Renaissance compositions 20K Medieval/Renaissance compositions amazon.com amazon.com

36. 36/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Music databases (indices) Themefinder (Stanford and Ohio State) Themefinder (Stanford and Ohio State)

37. 37/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga

38. 38/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Music databases (indices) Themefinder (Stanford and Ohio State) Themefinder (Stanford and Ohio State) CANTUS (U. of Western Ontario, Canada) CANTUS (U. of Western Ontario, Canada)

39. 39/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga CANTUS (200K entries from 50 sources)

40. 40/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Music databases (text) Center for the History of Music Theory and Literature (Indiana) Center for the History of Music Theory and Literature (Indiana) Thesaurus Musicarum Latinarum (TML) Thesaurus Musicarum Latinarum (TML) Texts on Music in English (TME) Texts on Music in English (TME) Traités français sur la musique (TFM) Traités français sur la musique (TFM) Saggi musicali italiani (SMI) Saggi musicali italiani (SMI) Thesaurus musicarum italicarum (TMI) Thesaurus musicarum italicarum (TMI)

41. 41/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Music databases (facsimile) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia)

42. 42/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Scribe database

43. 43/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Music databases (facsimile) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (Oxford) Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (Oxford) (Oxford)

44. 44/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga DIAMM (Oxford, Royal Holloway)

45. 45/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Music databases (facsimile) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (Oxford) Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (Oxford) (Oxford) Early English Books Online Early English Books Online Early

46. 46/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Early English Books Online (W. Byrd)

47. 47/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Music databases (facsimile) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (Oxford) Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (Oxford) (Oxford) Early English Books Online Early English Books Online Early Dowland MS Dowland MS Dowland

48. 48/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Dowland MS Project

49. 49/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Music databases (facsimile) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia) Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (Oxford) Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (Oxford) (Oxford) Early English Books Online Early English Books Online Early Dowland MS Dowland MS Dowland Acadia Early Music Facsimile Archive Acadia Early Music Facsimile Archive Acadia

50. 50/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Examples of Computer Applications in Early Music Analysis of notational signs in 12th C. manuscripts Analysis of notational signs in 12th C. manuscripts Comparison of motets with questionable attributions Comparison of motets with questionable attributions Transcription of tablatures Transcription of tablatures Automatic fingering of English keyboard music Automatic fingering of English keyboard music Divergence study by superimposing scanned images of printed music Divergence study by superimposing scanned images of printed music Watermark study using digital image processing Watermark study using digital image processing Virtual restoration of manuscripts Virtual restoration of manuscripts

51. 51/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Palimpsest: Digital restoration Corpus Christi College, Oxford MS 144

52. 52/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Challenges and Solutions Challenges Challenges Three types of music information Three types of music information Metadata Metadata Symbolic (text, scores, MIDI) Symbolic (text, scores, MIDI) Audio Audio Non-standards formats Non-standards formats Disorganized Web Disorganized Web Possible solutions Possible solutions Harvesting Harvesting Web Services Web Services P2P audio distribution P2P audio distribution Optical music recognition Optical music recognition

53. 53/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Optical Music Recognition (OMR) Commercial software Commercial software SmartScore SmartScore SharpEye SharpEye Finale & Sibelius Finale & Sibelius Shareware software Shareware software OMeR OMeR Open-source software Open-source software Gamera Gamera

54. 54/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Thresholding (screenshot in Linux) OMR: Preprocessing

55. 55/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Staff removal: Lute tablature

56. 56/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Staff removal: Lute tablature (detail)

57. 57/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Classifier: Lute tablature

58. 58/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Staff removal: Neumes

59. 59/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Classifier: Neumes

60. 60/61 RSA 2004 Weiss / Fujinaga Conclusion / Future Full-text, full-search scores Full-text, full-search scores Public-domain recordings Public-domain recordings Music portals with search Music portals with search We’ve come a long way… but… we still have a long way to go.