1. Gut Microbiota: Effects and Benefits
Brooke Blonquist,
Shelby Ellsworth,
Marisol Masella, &
Sophia Ortiz

2. What is microbiota? Microbes that co-exist in our body
Provide health benefits
Part of normal flora
different types
Anaerobes found on genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and respiratory
Highest number found in GI

3. Benefits of Microbiota
Health
Breakdown carbohydrates, Chrohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, C-Diff
Immune System
The Gastrointestinal tract is so large and has direct contact with pathogens
Protection
Physical Barrier

4. Where do they come from? Mother
Babies develop in sterile environment while in utero
Exposed to first microbes during delivery
Babies delivered via C-section have less microbes

5. Changes and Consequences
Clean Water: Reduced fecal transmission.
Increase in Caesarean Sections: Reduced vaginal transmission
Reduced Breastfeeding: Reduced cutaneous transmission and changed immunological environment
Smaller family size: Reduced early life transmission
Antibiotic use, increased bathing and showering and use of antibacterial soaps, and mercury-amalgam dental fillings: Selection for changing composition of microbes.

6. Microbe growth Microbe growth increases from birth
can be from breast milk or formula
Increase occurs again when solid foods are introduced
At age 1 number of microbes present equals that of a young adult.

7. What effect our microbes?
Use of Antibiotics and Immunity
Age
The types of microbes and number present change
Nutritional Status

8. Immunity and Microbiota
Microbiota shapes Auto Immunity
Pathogenic and Microbiota diversity are determining factors
Dependent on interactions
Immunity and microbiota

9. Immunity and Microbiota
Intestinal Microbiota
Main function is to control exposure
From bacteria to host tissue
Aids in lessening disease outcomes
Opportunistic residential bacteria overrides
Health consequences
Inflammation and sepsis

10. Antibiotic Use Affect target pathogen and host bacteria
Effects dependent on antibiotic used
Decrease colonization in host gut
More vulnerable
Disease and anti-resistant strains
Anti-resistant bacteria
resistant gene passed on
Pathogenic bacteria

11. Effects of Obesity on Microbes
Gastrointestinal microbiota is involved with energy homeostasis
Obese microbiome increases polysaccharide degrading enzymes
Breaks down sugars leading to increased fat deposition
Lean vs. Obese microbiota
Obesity microbiota increases LPL activity

12. Fecal Transplant What is it? Why is it used?
The engraftment of microbiota from a healthy donor into a recipient, which results in restoration of the normal gut microbial community structure.
Why is it used?
Preformed for C-Diff, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, and other health conditions
Success rate is about 90%

13. Supplements Probiotics Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria Prebiotics
Live microbes that have health benefits such as recovering from diarrhea and IBS
Prebiotics
Oligofructose and Galacto-oligosaccharides
Foods that when ingested stimulate the growth of Microbes (probiotics)

14. C-Diff Video

15. References
Borody, Thomas J. and Alexander Khoruts. “Fecal Microbiota transplantation and Emerging Applications.” Nature Review. Vol. 9. (2012): Web. Sekirov, Inna et al. “Gut microbiota in Health and Disease.” Physiol Review. Vol. 90. (Jul. 2010): Web Blaser, Martin and Falkow, Stanley. “What are the consequence of disappearing human microbiota?” Nature Review. Vol. 7.(Dec. 09): Web Guarner, Franciso and Malagelada, Juan. “Gut flora in health and disease.” The Lancet. Vol (Feb. 03): Web R. de Cassia Goncalves Alfenas, et al. “Gut microbiota And the development of Obesity.” Nutrition Hosptitalaria 27.5(2012): Academic Search Premier. Web. 1 Dec Jernberg, Cecilla, et al. “Long term impacts of antibiotic exposure on the human intestinal microbiota.” Microbiology. Vol (2010): Web Lora V. Hooper et al. “Ineractions between the microbiota and the Immune system.” Science. Vol.336 (2012). Web