1. Primary and Secondary Sources

2. “the leavings, the shards, the remnants of people who once lived and don't live any more."
A definition of a Primary Source

3. What is going on in this photo? What questions does it raise?
This is a photo of a family funeral in North Dakota in the 1890s. I talk about what I was curious about when I look at this photo. First question that occurs to me – Who is in the casket? How did that child die? Epidemic? Starvation? Wolves?  Then, who is in this family? Why so many kids? How isolated is the family?
What is going on in this photo? What questions does it raise?

4. Why do we use primary sources in history?
No bias, no viewpoint
Only your interpretation
Can give additional information
Materials
Textures
Printing methods
Technologies

5. What is a Primary Source?
An informational source from the time of the event
Autobiographies
Diaries
Documents
Eyewitness accounts
Film footage
Laws
Letters
Newspaper articles
Novels
Objects from the time
Oral histories
Photographs
Poems, art, music
Speeches

6. Does a Primary Source have to be the original material?
No – it can be in another form, but it can’t be edited or interpreted in any way.
For example,
Patrick Henry’s “Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!” speech can be found in 100 Key Documents in American History

7. Why Use Primary Sources in the Classroom?
Expose Students to Multiple Perspectives
Develop knowledge, skills,and analytical abilities
Bring lessons to life
Motivate students
More interesting for you and your students

8. Questions to ask yourself when looking at Primary Sources
Who wrote this?
How do they know the information they are telling me?
When did they write it?
Why did they write it?
Who did they write it for?

9. What are Secondary Sources?
An informational source that analyzes the event. These sources often use several primary sources to compile the information.
Biographies
Encyclopedias
History books
Textbooks

10. Are Secondary Sources useful for Lessons?
Yes – They provide the necessary background or context to be able to interpret Primary Sources
For example,
World Book 2005 or your Social Studies textbook can provide background information about the events leading up to Revolutionary War.

11. Is it possible for a Secondary Source to be completely objective?
Beware of Bias!
Is it possible for a Secondary Source to be completely objective?

12. Wikipedia’s entry on President Bush
The following passage describes his National Guard service:
In May 1968, at the height of the Vietnam War, he entered the Texas Air National Guard. He trained in the guard for two years, where he was among the last to learn to fly the F-102, a plane not used in Vietnam and due to be retired.
While this could be true, why would it be important to know that he was “among the last to learn to fly the F-102”? Is this a commentary on President Bush flying an outdated plane? Is it an unbiased point of view?

13. Encarta’s entry on President Bush
(note that Encarta lets people edit its pages but with editor approval)
Upon completing college, [Bush] became eligible for the military draft. To meet his service obligation, Bush enlisted in the Texas Air National Guard in He told the admitting officer that he wanted to become a pilot like his father, who was a highly decorated Navy flier in World War II. He did his basic training at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas, and entered a pilot-training program at Moody Air Force Base Georgia. He received favorable reports from his superiors, attained the rank of second lieutenant, and was certified to fly the F-102 jet fighter during training missions in the South and along the Gulf Coast.
Encarta doesn’t mention that President Bush being one of the last to fly the F-102, and instead notes patriotically how President Bush wanted to fly a jet like his father.

14. Where to Find Primary Sources Online
Library of Congress American Memory Collection

15. Where to Find Primary Sources Online
National Archives and Records Administration

16. Where to Find Primary Sources Online
Eyewitness: History Through the Lives of Those Who Lived It

17. Where to Find Primary Sources Online
Primary Sources on the Web

18. Where to Find Primary Sources Online
Early America

19. Where to Find Primary Sources Online
History and Politics Out Loud

20. Where to Find Primary Sources Online
Vincent Voice Library

21. Where to Find Primary Sources Online
History Channel Speech Archive

22. Where to Find Primary Sources Online
New York Public Library
Digital Library Collection

23. Where to Find Primary Sources Online
Newspaper Archive

24. Where to Find Primary Sources Offline
Teacher Created Materials Primary Sources Kits

25. Where to Find Primary Sources Offline
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Resources for Educators

26. Where to Find Primary Sources Offline
Antiques Fairs and Dealers
Photographic Reproductions
Palmer Wirfs Antiques and Collectibles Fairs

27. Where to Find Primary Sources Offline
Books

28. Copyright and Primary Sources
Educational Use Allowed
Check Copyright on Websites

29. How to Use Primary Sources in the Classroom
Analyzing Documents and Photos
Time to observe
Put yourself in the time
Cover part of photo
Ask questions
Notice details

30. How to Use Primary Sources in the Classroom
Discussion Questions
Higher Order Thinking Skills

31. Sample Questions Who was the author?
What might the purpose of this document have been?
If you were at the scene, what might you report?
Does this picture or document accurately portray these people?
Where might this document or photo be found today?

32. Activities
Problem Solving
Cooperative Groups
Assessment

33. Creating Your Own Primary Sources with Students
Journals
Interviews
Newspapers
Websites
Photos
Software
FlipAlbum

34. Final Thoughts Start small. Keep it simple. Think outside the box.
Have fun!