1. CHAI COMMUNITY HEALTH ANALYTICS, INC. PULLING TOGETHER FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH

2. CONCEPTUAL FAILURES: IN ELIMINATING HEALTH DISPARITIES BILL JENKINS, MS, PHD, MPH CEO COMMUNITY HEALTH ANALYTICS (CHAI) CO-DIRECTOR, MINORITY HEALTH PROJECT, UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL

3. UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM WHY DID THE PURITANS COME TO AMERICA? WHY WAS THERE A CIVIL WAR? HAS INFANT MORTALITY CHANGED IN THE LAST 100 YEARS?

4. INFANT MORTALITY RATE AND RATIO BY ETHNICITY 1935-2007

5. INFANT MORTALITY The black/white infant mortality rate ratio has not decreased for the past 100 years? Why? Since 1995 we have seen a slight increase. Why?

7. AGE ADJUSTED DEATH RATE RATIO 1950196019701980199020002002 Heart Ds1.0 1.1 1.21.3 Stroke1.31.4 1.51.4 Cancer0.91.01.11.3 2.61.2 Diabetes1.01.2 2.02.2 2.1 HIV--- 3.28.38.6 Homicide10.99.69.45.86.65.75.6

8. THE PERSISTENCE OF THE PROBLEM Why have we seen increases in some health disparities since 1954? For example, CHD. "Of all the forms of inequality, injustice in health care is the most shocking and inhumane....” ML King, Jr

9. PERSISTENCE OF THE PROBLEM Our solutions to health disparities are often based on our assumptions about other problems, not on our understanding of health disparities: for example, new innovations often increase health disparities, health care and genetics have little impact on health disparities …

10. Model Racism 30% Quality Care & Biology 10% African American Health disparities Socio-economic Status 30% Culture 30% + ++

11. FOCUS ON THE PROBLEMS WHICH CAN MAKE THE DIFFERENCE : NOT GENES OR HEALTH CARE Social justice supports the development of more “minority” physicians, and public health scientists, but it won’t necessarily make a difference All homosapiens are of african decent

12. FOCUS ON THE PROBLEMS WHICH CAN MAKE THE DIFFERENCE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS SES remains perhaps the most powerful force producing health disparities – it is massive, multi-factorial, complex. There is no will to solve this problem head on, however there are solutions which go un- and under utilized – head start, community participatory activities We can overcome the effects of low ses by targeted interventions using social supports

13. GREED … IS GOOD GREED IS RIGHT. GREED WORKS. GREED CLARIFIES, CUTS THROUGH, AND CAPTURES THE ESSENCE OF THE EVOLUTIONARY SPIRIT. GREED, IN ALL OF ITS FORMS -- GREED FOR LIFE, FOR MONEY, FOR LOVE, FOR KNOWLEDGE -- HAS MARKED THE UPWARD SURGE OF MANKIND. AND, GREED WILL SAVE THAT MALFUNCTIONING CORPORATION CALLED THE USA.

14. FOCUS ON THE PROBLEMS WHICH CAN MAKE THE DIFFERENCE - RACISM Racism remains a pervasive force in america today. Although more benign, it remains a major determinate of health and health policy in america. The most deleterious form of racism is subtle and complex as it interacts with socio-economic status, culture and a host of political and other factors – white privilege. There is no social force more pervasive, yet so misunderstood than racism. It creates the illusion that there is something called “race” and then establishes assumptions to support it. It is so powerful a concept that even those who are disadvantaged by it, accept it – the use of race supports racism, especially when used by african- americans.

15. RACISM, CONT’D BUT, THE WORST FORM OF RACISM IS INTERNALIZED POWER CONCEDES NOTHING WITHOUT A DEMAND. IT NEVER DID AND IT NEVER WILL." FREDERICK DOUGLASS, 1857 MELANIN DOES NOT IMMUNIZE AGAINST RACISM PREVIOUS OPPRESSION DOES NOT PROTECT AGAINST DISCRIMINATION

16. A continuing struggle Federalists vs Slavers Unionists vs Confederates Re-Constructionists vs Klu Klux Klan Intergrationists vs Segregationists Social Liberals vs Social Conservatives Coffee Party vs Tea Party

17. FOCUS ON THE PROBLEMS WHICH CAN MAKE THE DIFFERENCE: CULTURE COMPETITIVE DANCE… THE PROBLEM OF HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION IS MUCH LESS ACCESSIBILITY OF HEALTH CARE THAN ACCEPTABILITY OF HEALTH CARE RACIAL DATA HAS LARGELY BEEN CHANGED TO ETHNIC DATA ALREADY, BUT MOST PEOPLE HAVE NOT NOTICED SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF HEALTH DISPARITIES REQUIRES THAT WE ADDRESS THE PROBLEMS OF CULTURE. - INCLUDING ISSUES OF TRUST, COMPETING RISKS, INTERNALIZED RACISM….

18. WHO CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE? ONE PERSON CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE BUT FORMING A SMALL GROUP CAN MAKE A BIG DIFFERENCE

19. CORPORATE VS SERVANT LEADERSHIP CORPORATE LEADERSHIP: CORPORATION SERVICES THE LEADER, SO CLIENTS SERVE THE CORPORATION SERVANT LEADERSHIP: LEADER SERVES THE CORPORATION, SO THE CORPORATION SERVES CLIENTS