1. 1 Strings, Classes, and Working With Class Interfaces CMPSC 122 Penn State University Prepared by Doug Hogan

2. 2 Overview  String class  Headers  Creating strings  Manipulating and comparing strings  Motivation for Object Oriented Programming  Strings as objects  Terminology and theory  Another custom class  Objects vs. classes  Access rights  Using a class interface

3. 3 The string type  Alternative to character arrays  Hides many details  Easier to manipulate  Required headers  #include  using namespace std;  string is part of the C++ standard library

4. 4 Declaring strings  Uninitialized:  Like primitive data types  e.g. string myString;  Can then use assignment operator  e.g. myString = “this is a string”;  Initialized:  Use string keyword, name, and initial value in parentheses  e.g. string myString(“a string”);

5. 5 Input/Output  cin and cout  cin stops at whitespace  getline can be used for reading in strings with spaces included:  getline(stream, receivingString);  example:  cout << “Enter a string”; getline(cin, str1);

6. 6 Manipulating Characters  Exactly the same as with arrays of characters!  Use an index in brackets to get or manipulate that character.  string myString(“a string”);  cout << myString[0];  prints “a”  myString[0] = “A”;  changes myString to “A string”

7. 7 Exercises (you do on paper)  Create a string called testString that is initially “Welcome to CMPSC 122”  string testString("Welcome to CMPSC 122");  Change the course number to 121 instead  testString[19] = '1';  Output the string  cout << testString;

8. 8 Operators and strings  The string class lets you use the following operators:  Assignment: =  Comparison: >=, >, <, <=  Equality: ==, !=  Concatenation: +  Example:  if(string1 < string2) { cout << string1 << " is before " << string2 << endl; }

9. 9 Problem  Suppose you have these declarations:  string str1 = "I love ";  string str2 = "computer programming!";  Create a string called str3 from these two strings that reads "I love computer programming!"  string str3 = str1 + str2;

10. 10 A bit of terminology before the fun part…  We’ll call string variables objects.  We can operate on strings with functions  use dot notation  e.g. objectName.operation();  said to be sending a message to the string object

11. 11 length() message  length( ) returns the length of the string it’s called on  ex:  string hello("Hello");  cout << hello.length() << endl;  prints 5  Don’t forget the parentheses!!  Must give the string object, then the dot operator!!

12. 12 Practice  Given  string noun;  cin >> noun;  Output the length of noun.  cout << noun.length();

13. 13 find() message  find( ) takes a string as an argument  returns the index where the argument is found in the object it’s called on  ex:  string hello("Hello");  cout << hello.find("ll") << endl;  prints 2  if the string isn’t found, find( ) returns -1

14. 14 Substrings: substr() message  Takes two integer arguments:  first is starting character  second is length  returns a substring of the given length  string hello("Hello World");  cout << hello.substr(6, 5); << endl;  prints “World”  goes up to string’s length if 2 nd argument is too short

15. 15 Problems  Given string s1("abcdefghi");  string s2(s1.substr(4, 3)); What is stored in s2 ?  Answer: efg  Write a line of code to store the location of the letter “d” from s1 in the following integer:  int d;  Answer: d = s1.find("d");

16. 16 Given string s("Any string"); Give the result of each message or what is wrong with it.  length(s)  s.length  s(length)  s.length()  Find("Any")  s.find(” ")  s.substr(2)  s.substr(2, 5)  s.substr("tri")  s.find("tri") Modified Self-Check 4-8 from: Mercer, Rick. Computing Fundamentals with C++. Wilsonville, OR: Franklin, 1999.

17. 17 Given string s("Any string"); Give the result of each message or what is wrong with it.  length(s)  no dot notation  length takes no argument  s.length  no parentheses  s(length)  parentheses misplaced  s.length()  10  Find("Any")  no object  s.find(" ") 33  s.substr(2)  not enough arguments  s.substr(2, 5)  y str  s.substr("tri")  wrong arguments  s.find("tri") 55 Modified Self-Check 4-8 from: Mercer, Rick. Computing Fundamentals with C++. Wilsonville, OR: Franklin, 1999.

18. 18 Motivation for classes  Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)  Package together a set of related data and operations (encapsulation)  Define a class (abstract data type), or a new data type with its operations  One instance of a class is called an object  The data and operations of a class are called its members.  string is an example of a class

19. 19 Access rights in OOP  Classes are similar to struct s  Add the notion of access rights  class member data and operations can be  public – accessible to anyone  private – accessible only to the object  usually  data are private  operations are public

20. 20 An example of a class: bankAccount  Data:  name  balance  Operations:  create an account  withdraw  deposit  check balance

21. 21 Problem  Write down an example of a bankAccount object.

22. 22 Bank Account Objects  Objects are instances of the class  One class, many objects name balance acct1 $500.00 Marge name balance acct2 $123.45 Bart name balance acct3 $20.00 Homer

23. 23 Class Interface  Starting point for working with classes  Defines the class  Defines the WHAT, not the HOW

24. 24 So what does a class interface look like? #include // string class definition using namespace std;// so std:: isn’t needed class bankAccount { public: bankAccount(); // POST: default bankAccount object constructed with name == “?” and balance == 0 void withdraw(int amount); // PRE: amount in dollars and amount > $0 // POST: amount has been subtracted from balance void deposit(int amount); // PRE: amount in dollars and amount > $0 // POST: amount had been added on to balance double getBalance(); // POST: FCTVAL == balance private: string name; // full name of account holder double balance; // how much in the acct, in dollars }; necessary headers ‘class’ keyword to signal a class definition name of the class declarations of the member functions of the class (public section) declarations of the member data of the class (private section) note the semicolon!!!

25. 25 What do public and private mean?  Public  can be accessed by any function in any class  Private  can only be accessed by functions who are members of the same class  Observations  public member functions  private data  why?  abstraction and information hiding  protect the data from accidental changes

26. 26 Some more observations  Data are declared, but not initialized  Functions are declared, but not implemented  PRE- and POST- conditions are essential

27. 27 So how do we use it?  For now, we will be the client or user.  Create a bankAccount using a special function called a constructor.  The constructor we have: bankAccount();  Called in odd way…  in the declaration: bankAccount myAcct;

28. 28 So how do we use it?  To “do stuff” to or with our object, we need to send it messages.  Use the dot notation we learned for strings.  objectName. operation(parameters?)  Why?  need to say WHICH object to send the message to  Example  Given: bankAccount myAcct;  To deposit $50, myAcct.deposit(50);

29. 29 Time for you to think…  Create two accounts.  Deposit $100 in the first and $75 in the second.  Then withdraw $50 from both.

30. 30 Time for you to think…  Create two accounts.  bankAccount acct1;  bankAccount acct2;  Deposit $100 in the first and $75 in the second.  acct1.deposit(100);  acct2.deposit(75);  Then withdraw $50 from both.  acct1.withdraw(50);  acct2.withdraw(50); name balance acct1 $0.00 ? name balance acct2 $0.00 ? name balance acct1 $100.00 ? name balance acct2 $75.00 ? name balance acct1 $50.00 ? name balance acct2 $25.00 ?

31. 31 More thinking…  How can we print out how much money we have in each account?  balance is private  must send a message!  cout << acct1.getBalance(); // displays 50  cout << acct2.getBalance(); // displays 25  Our bankAccount interface isn’t perfect…  How could it be improved? name balance acct1 $50.00 ? name balance acct2 $25.00 ?