1. 1 CHBE 594 Lect 13 The Literature Search

2. 2 Background A literature search is a key step in writing a proposal Reviewers are looking to throw out proposals. Having a poor literature search is a good excuse to throw out a proposal. If you ignore the reviewers key paper from 1980 you will not get funded! Also you do not want the reviewers to think that you are proposing something that has been done before Important to cite past work and tell how your proposed work is different than it. There will always be someone older on the review panel who will bring up this issue if you are not careful

3. 3 Objective For Today Background on electronic information Discuss basic strategies for literature searches Electronic media and how it is indexed Databases do not usually search articles – they search indexes. In order to have an effective search you need to know how the data base is indexed If you want your papers to be noticed you need to make sure they are written to facilitate indexing General search techniques and tips

4. 4 Background Short History of E- Information  First e-journal in chem: Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1995  Barriers to this new model in 1995 included:  No backfiles, limited content  Bandwidth not up to speed  Loading graphics took a long, long time  Limited number of journals and publishers involved  Pricing models took time to develop

5. 5 Short History of E-Information  Barriers finally crumbled when:  Bandwidth improved  High speed transmission  Backfiles online  Indexing linked directly to full text  Citation linking within articles  Tools such as SFX, Crossref, DOI made everything work together more smoothly  Pricing models began to favor “e” over print

6. 6 UIUC Chemistry Journal Use 1988, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004 and 2006 Use Study Results by Type of Use 19881993199619982000200220042006 Library use of Print Journals31,50146,98442,49044,65031,23420,4986,471618 E-Journal Use000064,590323,146674,110848,670 Total use31,70346,98442,49044,65095,824343,644680,464849,288 UIUC Chemistry Library Journal Use (6 month tallies)

7. 7 Shift To Electronic Information Has Created Tension Between Librarians and Scientists Over Fees Scientists Highest impact factor journal possible Old Expensive journals Proposal reviewers look at where articles have been published Librarians like a free model US government already paid for research, why pay again to access the results Welcome foundation requiring grantees to publish in a free model Free model proposed for NIH publications – did not pass due to complaints from non-profits such as the american chemical society

8. 8 How Has Electronic Publishing Changed Scholarly Literature?` Key change: now use search engines Old method of searching Find papers by searching subject headings in chemical abstracts Broad brush categories e.g catalysis – hundreds of papers/mo Look up all references in those papers Do cited reference search to look up people who also cite similar references New method: use electronic database to search for targeted information Avoids broad categories (good and bad) Still useful to look up references (web copies of papers), do cited reference search (web of science or scifinder)

9. 9 Search Engines Are Not People Search engines use algorithms to find information The cannot understand the scientific content or importance of an article They can only look for words, phrases, possibly chemical structures Most search engines are indexed by index terms and author supplied titles, keywords, references and possibly abstracts Expect that if you only use one search engine and one set of keywords you will miss things

10. 10 Examples Of Why Indexing Is Important How can I find this article? Possible search terms Polyelectrolyte brushes METAC Poly 2-(meth acryloyloxy) ethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride The structure of the polymer Reference found Reference not found

11. 11 Conclusions Search engines usually do not look through the body of a scientific article Instead they look through the title, abstract, keywords and index terms Index terms are usually added by hand If you want your articles to be found and cited you need to provide the right keywords in the title/abstract so someone can find it Often titles have colons; search engines only search up to the colon.

12. 12 Tips On Making Your Articles Easy To Find Be sure to include the chemical name of the most important substances in your title/abstract Look at the keywords in similar articles and be sure you include them in your abstract Be sure to include the CAS number of every compound in your abstract/paper Consider adding the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier for each compound http://www.iupac.org/inchi/ somewhere in your paper http://www.iupac.org/inchi/ Royal Society already adopted, ACS resisting Sucrose (InChI = 1/C12H22O11/c13-1-4- 6(16)8(18)9(19)11(21-4)23-12(3-15)10(20)7(17)5(2-14)22- 12/h4-11,13-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-, 6-,7-,8+,9-,10-,11-,12+/m1/s1) Be sure to mention the application of your work in the abstract, keywords Cite review articles in your paper (makes it easy to find your article via cited reference search)

13. 13 Effective Literature Searching Four key steps Preparing for the search What information am I looking for? How can I formulate the question so search engine can answer it Doing the search Choosing the right initial search terms Choosing the right databases Updating the search terms when you see the results returned by the databases Be sure to do cited reference searches Analyzing the results What should I learn from the papers? Reporting the results Previous literature section of the proposal

14. 14 Example: Something Masel Is Working On Now Polyelectrolyte brushes and related structures as catalyst inks (i.e. polymer supports) for fuel cells What search terms do I use to find previous literature? Polyelectrolyte brush & fuel cell (no hits) Polyelectrolyte brush (409 references) Polyelectrolyte & brush (609 references) Several mention nanoparticles Polyelectrolyte & brush & Nanoparticle (50 references – several on target). Am I done?

15. 15 At This point I have missed most of the previous literature Fuel Cell & Nafion – 3986 references Fuel cell & acrylic acid 932 references Fuel cell & styrene sulfonate (300 references) Am I done?

16. 16 Not done yet!! Only looked at polyelectrolyte’s Also need to search other terms Catalyst inks for fuel cells

17. 17 Key Conclusions Start with pretty generic search terms Refine terms to find what you want Do this several times with different key words It is too easy to miss things if you only start with one group of key words Missing a body of literature guarantees you will not be funded. It is better to have more references than fewer

18. 18 Effective Literature Searching Four key steps Preparing for the search What information am I looking for? How can I formulate the question so search engine can answer it Doing the search Choosing the right initial search terms Choosing the right databases Updating the search terms when you see the results returned by the databases Be sure to do cited reference searches Look in journals Analyzing the results What should I learn from the papers? Reporting the results Previous literature section of the proposal

19. 19 I find It Is Important To Prepare For The Search Make a list of keywords before you start Make sure you cover everything on your list People tend to stop when they find the first 20-50 interesting references Having a list keeps me going so I can find the complete literature.

20. 20 So Far Only Key Word Searches- Also Need To Do Author Searches Many reviewers expect you to cite their papers. You can do it if you know the review committee (ala NIH) Author searches are much more effective than keyword searches The search engines do not have to add index terms I usually find people who are working in an area and then do author searches I find that I find many more articles this way instead of using key word and structure searches Can save search with your competitors names so you always get them This also gives you ideas for key words

21. 21 Cited Reference Searches Much More Effective Than Key Word Searches Cited reference searches are searches where you find papers who cited a key paper Indexing cited references can be done automatically since the author has provided the references in a standard format Search engine does not have to manually add key words Not dependent on authors choosing the same key words as you Much quicker and more effective than key word searches

22. 22 Cited Reference Search Find Papers By Leaders In An Area Find Who Cites those papers Repeat for review articles Example Masel’s formic acid fuel cell paper from 2002 Denmark’s 2003 paper in chemical reviews Sharpless’s 1995 angewatte paper

23. Caution Search Engines Miss Things 23 Comparison of SciFinder Scholar and Web of Science Coverage, Whitley, Katherine M. 2002. Analysis of SciFinder Scholar and Web of Science Citation Searches. J Am Soc Info Technol 53(14): 1210-1215., doi: 10.1002/asi.10192doi: 10.1002/asi.10192 Total Citations Scifinder Citations Web of Science Cites Cites in Scifinder but not WOS Cites in WOS but not Scifinder 389432342913981661 83%75%25%17% Duplication analysis, haphazard sample of U.S. academic chemistry researchers. (The table shows results for 2-3 researchers in each of seven chemistry subject areas; the chart below shows just the totals / averages of the seven subjects.)

24. 24 Conclusion Cited reference searches are one of the fastest way to find literature in an area. Find review articles or key papers by well known people Look at the references Look at people who cite them

25. 25 Summary You need a good literature review to get funded Random use of search engines usually misses key literature so you need a strategy Plan and then execute Be sure to do author and cited reference searches Strategy should consider indexing – requires a different strategy for Papers in the last 6 months (usually only cited reference searches) Papers since 2001 – usually found in common search engines by many key words, structures Papers before 2001 – only key word and cited reference searches effective. Cited reference searches are particularly effective since the indexing terms are provided by the authors in a consistent way