1. Chemistry You gotta’ know it to understand LIFE!

2. Atomic Structure

3. Elements

4. Table 2-1

5. Isotopes

7. Some applications of radioactive isotopes in biological research are: –Dating fossils –Tracing atoms through metabolic processes –Diagnosing medical disorders Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8. Positron Emission Tomography http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/positronemissiontomography.html

9. Ions Normal Atoms Ions

10. Electron Energy Levels

11. Why “Octet”

12. Ionic Bonding

13. Covalent Bonding

15. Molecules Hydrogen

16. Molecules Amino Acids Insulin Lipid DNA Enzyme Molecule

17. Chemical Reactions Synthesis vs. Decomposition Two important Biological Reactions 1.SYNTHESIS eg. 2.DECOMPOSITION eg.

18. WATER

19. Hydrogen Bonding- Hydrogen will often have a positive (+) charge when bonded to another element in a molecule. This positive charge can interact with other charges on elements of other molecules or even within the same molecule H Bonding affects boiling and freezing points of compounds as well as the shapes of many biological molecules.

20. WATER Water is a polar compound

21. Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth ’ s fitness for life Four of water ’ s properties that facilitate an environment for life are: Four of water ’ s properties that facilitate an environment for life are: –Cohesive behavior (capilary action) –High Specific Heat (Ability to moderate temperature) –Expansion upon freezing (Lowers its Density) –Solvent properties ALL OF THESE ARE THE RESULT OF WATER’S POLAR PROPERTY Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

22. Fig. 3-UN4 Liquid water: transient hydrogen bonds Ice: stable hydro- gen bonds

23. Water’s Cohesive Property

24. The specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius. Specific Heat Capacity of water is Higher than most substances and is the result of water’s polar property.heat temperature CAUTION! FILLING IS HOT?

25. Specific heat capacity of water is larger than soil, so the rise of temperature is less for water, all other things being equal. This is why it’s typically cooler near the coast in summer and warmer in the winter.

26. Fig. 3-5 San Diego 72° 40 miles Pacific Ocean 70s (°F ) 80s 90s 100s Santa Barbara 73° Los Angeles (Airport) 75° Burbank 90° San Bernardino 100° Riverside 96° Santa Ana 84° Palm Springs 106°

27. Adhesion Adhesion is the property of water that allows it to cling to other substances. Water’s polar characteristics cause it to be attracted to other polar substances OR it can induce a charge on the substance to which it clings. This adhesion causes a phenomenon known as Capillary Action

28. Water Transport in Plants This transport is a property of water’s POLARITY that give it both cohesiveness and adhesiveness

29. Acids and Bases

30. Threats to Water Quality on Earth Acid precipitation refers to rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5.6 Acid precipitation is caused mainly by the mixing of different pollutants with water in the air and can fall at some distance from the source of pollutants Acid precipitation can damage life in lakes and streams Effects of acid precipitation on soil chemistry are contributing to the decline of some forests Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

31. Human activities such as burning fossil fuels threaten water quality CO 2 is released by fossil fuel combustion and contributes to: –A warming of earth called the “greenhouse” effect –Acidification of the oceans; this leads to a decrease in the ability of corals to form calcified reefs Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

32. Fig. 3-11 EXPERIMENT RESULTS Calcification rate (mmol CaCO 3 per m 2 per day) [CO 3 2– ] (µmol/kg) 150200 250 300 0 20 40 http://ww w.youtub e.com/wa tch?v=fJb yC-eqrfshttp://ww w.youtub e.com/wa tch?v=fJb yC-eqrfs

33. You should now be able to: 1.List and explain the four properties of water that emerge as a result of its ability to form hydrogen bonds 2.Distinguish between the following sets of terms: hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances; a solute, a solvent, and a solution 3.Define acid, base, and pH 4.Explain how buffers work Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings