1. AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS

2. OBJECTIVE: To provide an introduction to the social network analysis perspective and some key social network concepts. To consider how these might be applied to research on forestry communities and other forestry research problems.

3. SOME TOPICS/QUESTIONS STUDIED BY NETWORK ANALYSTS

4. How do innovations become diffused throughout a population? Why are some communities able to mobilize for collective action, while others fail to do so? How should community social structure be measured? How is the provision of social support related to network structure? What kinds of structural factors help explain who wins social conflicts? Do groups with greater network centrality have more influence in forest land planning processes? Do individual with greater network degree feel a greater sense of efficacy – and thus participate more in land planning processes?

5. How can we understand the pattern of trade amongst nation states? How does structural location affect bargaining power (and outcomes) in exchange networks? What is the structural basis for social comparison (e.g., self/other evaluations of competence, justice, etc.)? What role do social networks play in helping one to “get a job”? What is the relationship between “social capital” and “cultural capital”? How is “social capital” related to “co-operation” in social dilemmas?

6. How do “micro level interactions” become transformed to “macro level” sociological patterns? What is the structural basis of social influence and attitude formation? How does one understand the social structure of the global economy? What is the social structural basis of friendship What is the relationship between network structure and social mobility?

7. SOME SOCIAL NETWORK CONCEPTS: points/nodes lines/ties directed/non-directed (arcs/edges) ego nets versus whole nets valued/non-valued positive/negative graphs/matrices square versus rectangular matrices (adjacency versus incidence matrices) bridges/break points tie strength density geodesics centrality (point centrality versus graph centrality) (degree/betweenness/closeness) cliques

8. A Matrix: A B C D A 0 1 1 0 B 1 0 1 0 C 1 1 0 1 D 0 0 1 0 A Graph: A B C D A Social Network socnet01

9. A B C D E F G A B C D E F G A B C D E F G A 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 F 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 G 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 A B C D E F G A 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 B 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 C 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 D 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 E 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 F 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 G 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 SOCNET02SOCNET03 CENTRALITY

10. DENSITY D = ______ l n(n-1)/2 To calculate density in percentage terms: D x 100 * Note: the above formula applies to undirected graphs.

11. SOCNET04 SOCNET05 D = ____ 5 6(6-1)/2 = __ 5 15 =.33D = ____ 10 6(6-1)/2 = __ 10 15 =.67 A B C D E F A B C D E F

12. SOCNET04SOCNET05 A B C D E F A 0 0 0 0 0 1 B 0 0 0 0 0 1 C 0 0 0 1 0 1 D 0 0 1 0 1 0 E 0 0 0 1 0 0 F 1 1 1 0 0 0 A B C D E F A 0 1 0 0 1 1 B 1 0 1 0 0 1 C 0 1 0 1 0 1 D 0 0 1 0 1 1 E 1 0 0 1 0 1 F 1 1 1 1 1 0

13. Centrality: Degree, Betweenness, and Closeness a b c d e

14. SOCNET06 A B C D E A 0 1 0 0 0 B 1 0 1 1 0 C 0 1 0 1 0 D 0 1 1 0 1 E 0 0 0 1 0

15. Detecting Cliques. a b c d e f g

16. SOCNET07 A B C D E F G A 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 B 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 C 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 D 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 E 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 F 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 G 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

17. SOME EXAMPLE SOCIAL NETWORK SURVEY INSTRUMENTS (Time Permitting)

18. Some Useful References on Social Network Methods and Perspectives Berkowitz, S.D. 1982. An Introduction to Structural Analysis: The Network Approach to Social Research. Toronto: Butterworths. Burt, Ronald. 1980. "Models of Network Structure." Annual Review of Sociology 6:79-141. Erickson, Bonnie, T.A. Nosanchuk, and Edward Lee. 1981. "Network Sampling in Practice: Some Second Steps." Social Networks, 3:127-36. Erickson, Bonnie, and T.A. Nosanchuk 1983. "Applied Network Sampling." Social Networks, 5(4):367-382.

19. Freeman, Linton C. 1978/79. “Centrality in Social Networks: Conceptual Clarification.” Social Networks 1:215-239. Freeman, Linton C., Douglas R. White, and A. Kimball Romney (Eds.). 1989. Research Methods in Social Network Analysis. Fairfax, VA: George Mason University Press. Granovetter, Mark. 1977. “Network Sampling. Some First Steps.” American Journal of Sociology, 81:1287-1303. Knoke, David and James H. Kuklinski. 1982. Network Analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. Kontopoulos, Kyriankos. 1993. The Logics of Social Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

20. Marsden, Peter. 1990. "Network Data and Measurement." Annual Review of Sociology 16:435-63. Marsden, Peter V. and Nan Lin. 1982. Social Structure and Network Analysis. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. Pattison, Philippa. 1993. Algebraic Models for Social Networks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Scott, John. 2000. Social Network Analysis: A Handbook. Second Edition. London: Sage Publications. D.B. Tindall and Barry Wellman. 2001. "Canada as Social Structure: Social Network Analysis and Canadian Sociology." The Canadian Journal of Sociology, 26(3): 265-308.

21. Wasserman, Stanley and Joseph Galaskiewicz (Eds.). 1994. Advances in Social Network Analysis. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications. Wasserman, Stanley and Katherine Faust. 1994. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wellman, Barry and S.D. Berkowitz (Eds.). 1988. Social Structures: A Network Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.