1. Water Conservation

2. Water Conservation Water Conservation

4. Average American uses 100 gallons of water per dayAverage American uses 100 gallons of water per day Install low flow shower headsInstall low flow shower heads Install low flush toiletsInstall low flush toilets Front loading washing machines use less waterFront loading washing machines use less water Use a dishwasher rather than by handUse a dishwasher rather than by hand Conserving Water at Home

5. Take shorter showers only once a dayTake shorter showers only once a day Reduce water needs in gardenReduce water needs in garden Turn off water when not neededTurn off water when not neededPersonal

6. Fix leaksFix leaks Don’t use water to clean sidewalksDon’t use water to clean sidewalks Use drought- resistant plantsUse drought- resistant plants Reduce amount of grassReduce amount of grassPersonal

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8. Xeriscaping is the process of landscaping with native plants or with plants that use little water

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11. Reclamation of Waste WaterReclamation of Waste Water –Wastewater can be treated to irrigate crops and water parks - Long Beach! City Conservation EffortsCity Conservation Efforts –Consumer education (If it’s yellow, be mellow; if it’s brown, flush it down) –Installation of home water meters Increasing water cost to reflect external costs Reducing Municipal Water Reducing Municipal Water

12. Harvesting IcebergsHarvesting Icebergs –Carry fresh water to places that need it –Can it be done? Would it be economically sound? Increasing Water Supplies

13. Seeding CloudsSeeding Clouds –Use dry ice or KI 2 crystals to cause rain to precipitate out of clouds –Takes the water out of clouds that would fall elsewhere –Possible contamination?

14. DistillationDistillation – Removing salt from water by boiling & recondensing – Used to supply all water in Oman and Bahrain Desalinization

15. Distillation

16. Capacity has increased greatly in last 10 yearsCapacity has increased greatly in last 10 years –Current capacity =13.3 million m 3 –If it can be made cost- effective, our water problem would be solved Desalinization

17. Reverse OsmosisReverse Osmosis –Forces salt water through a membrane impermeable to salt – Currently 3-4x more expensive BOTH require large input energyBOTH require large input energy –not an option for developing countries Where do you dispose excess salts?Where do you dispose excess salts?Desalinization

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19. Lowers salt conc. of Colorado River before entering MexicoLowers salt conc. of Colorado River before entering Mexico Yuma, AZ

20. Five major industries consume 90% of industrial water in the U.S.Five major industries consume 90% of industrial water in the U.S. Chemical Products, Paper and Pulp, Petroleum and Coal, and Food ProcessingChemical Products, Paper and Pulp, Petroleum and Coal, and Food Processing Industries can usually cut production and pollution costs by recycling waterIndustries can usually cut production and pollution costs by recycling water Major Water Consuming Industries

21. More efficient irrigationMore efficient irrigation Reduces the amount of salt left behind by traditional irrigationReduces the amount of salt left behind by traditional irrigation Reducing Agricultural Water

22. Fig. 14-18, p. 325

23. Central Pivot watering systemCentral Pivot watering system Reducing Agricultural Water

24. Sprinkler systemSprinkler system Use of Lasers to level fields to prevent runoffUse of Lasers to level fields to prevent runoff Reducing Agricultural Water

25. Much of water is used in electrical-generating plantsMuch of water is used in electrical-generating plants Water could be saved by using dry coolant processes and reclaiming waste heat waterWater could be saved by using dry coolant processes and reclaiming waste heat water Waste Water in Industry