4. Minor Components Major Components

8. Atoms with only one shell for their electrons are found in the first row of the periodic table. Those with two rings are found in the second row of the periodic table, and so on.

10. In what row of the periodic table would you find sodium, based upon the electron rings?

11. What changed between the sodium atom, and the sodium ion? Where did it change?

12. In what row of the periodic table would you find chlorine, based upon the electron rings?

13. What changed between the chlorine atom, and the chlorine ion? Where did it change?

14. Atoms on the right side of the periodic table tend to gain electrons and become negative ions. Atoms on the left side of the periodic table tend to lose electrons and become positive ions.

15. The sodium ion gives its electron to the chlorine ion so that the resulting molecule has no net charge. This is called an ionic bond. The molecule that combines them both is called salt.

16. Ions can also be made from combinations of atoms that act together as a unit, and have special names.

26. Because the water molecule is polarized (that is electrons migrated to the oxygen from the hydrogens) and because of that, molecules tend to stick to each other. That is what gives water viscosity.

28. The electronegative atoms have extra electrons, taken from the electropositive ones within the same molecule. The hydrogen bonds weakly connect each molecule to another.

29. Example, wood burned in a fire produces energy plus smoke C + O 2  CO 2 Reactants  Products

30. In photosynthesis; Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water  Glucose Reactants  Products

31. Respiration in plants, animals, and people is the opposite of photosynthesis: Glucose  Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy Reactants  Products

32. For example: Hydrochloric Acid plus Sodium Hydroxide produces Salt plus Water HCl + NaOH  NaCl +H 2 O Reactants  Products

34. An acid is a molecule that has a hydrogen ion portion

35. A base is a molecule with an OH ion. Notice that when an acid and a base are combined, the result is always a salt and water. HCl + NaOH  NaCl +H 2 O Reactants  Products

36. A ph of 7 actually means.0000001 or 10 -7. It means that 1 molecule in 10 million is a hydrogen ion. This is true of pure water. If hydrogen ions are more common, the ph is 6 or 5 or 4 etc. where each of these tells how big a fraction the hydrogen ion is. A base is something where the hydrogen ion is even more rare.