1. OBSERVATION AND MEASUREMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT UNIT 1

2. INTERACTION OF OUR SENSES WITH THE ENVIRONMENT THE 5 SENSES INCLUDE: 1)SIGHT 2)TOUCH/FEEL 3)HEARING 4)TASTE 5)SMELL OBSERVATION

3. TESTING YOUR POWERS OF OBSERVATION

4. 2. HOW CAN WE DETERMINE IF OUR POWER OF OBSERVATION USING ONLY SIGHT WAS ACCURATE MEASURE WITH A RULER

5. 3. CHECK TO DETERMINE IF YOU WERE ACCURATE. HOW MANY OBSERVATIONS USING ONLY SIGHT DID YOU HAVE CORRECT (1, 2, OR 3)?

6. C. OUR POWERS OF OBSERVATION ARE LIMITED BY OUR SENSES.

7. D. INSTRUMENTS CAN BE USED TO IMPROVE OR EXTEND OUR POWERS OF OBSERVATION. THESE DEVICES HAVE BEEN INVENTED BY PEOPLE TO EXTEND THE HUMAN SENSES BEYOND THEIR NORMAL LIMITS, AND THUS ENABLE US TO MAKE OBSERVATIONS THAT WOULD OTHERWISE BE IMPOSSIBLE OR HIGHLY INACCURATE.

8. E. EXAMPLES

9. 1. GRADUATEDCYLINDER

10. 2. MICROSCOPE

11. 3. SPRING SCALE

12. 4. WIND VANE

13. 5. COMPASS

14. 6. TRIPLE BEAMBALANCE

15. 7. TELESCOPE

16. 8.THERMOMETER

17. 9. MAGNIFYINGGLASS

18. 10. RULER

19. F. WHICH INSTRUMENTS CAN BE USED TO ACCURATELY MEASURE EACH OF THESE?

20. II. INFERENCE AN INTERPRETATION OF AN OBSERVATION BASED ON ONE’S KNOWLEDGE AND/OR EXPERIENCE

21. A. FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU OBSERVED THE APPEARANCE OF MORE AND MORE CLOUDS THAT WERE DARKER AND DARKER IN COLOR, YOU MIGHT INFER THAT …… IT WILL RAIN

22. OBSERVATIONS: INFERENCES: B. LIST THE OBSERVATIONS AND INFERENCES THAT YOU CAN MAKE BASED ON THIS PICTURE:

23. IDENTIFY EACH STATEMENT AS EITHER AN OBSERVATION OR AN INFERENCE:

24. (A) THE DOG IS GROWLING. (B) THE DOG IS ANGRY.

25. (A)THE PEBBLE IS SM0OTH AND ROUNDED. (A)THE PEBBLE WAS CARRIED BY A STREAM. (A)THE PEBBLE IS LIGHT BROWN IN COLOR.

26. (A)BY TOMORROW, THE STREAM WILL OVERFLOW ITS BANK. (A)THE RIVER IS HIGH, MUDDY AND FLOWING SWIFTLY. (A)THE RAINFALL HAS BEEN CONTINUOUS AND IS HEAVY.

27. (A) THE TIRE HAS A LEAK. (B) THE TIRE IS FLAT.

28. (A) THERE IS A TRACK ON THIS TRAIL. (B) THE TRACK WAS MADE BY A LARGE DEER.

29. (A) THE LEAVES ON THE TREE ARE MOVING. (B) THE LEAVES ON THE TREE ARE MOVING, SO WIND MUST BE BLOWING.

30. III. CLASSIFICATION

31. A. A CLASSIFICATIONSYSTEM IS BASEDON…… PROPERTIES OR CHARACTERISTICS OF ANOBJECT

32. B. A CLASSIFICATIONSYSTEM ENABLESAN INVESTIGATORTO……. ORGANIZE DATA/OBJECTS IN A MEANINGFUL WAY

33. C. CLASSIFY THE FOLLOWING ANIMALS USING THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM ON THE NEXT PAGE. PLACE THE NAMES OF THE ANIMALS IN THE DIAGRAMS. HINT: BEGIN BY COMPARING AND CONTRASTING CHARACTERISTICS.

34. ANIMALS FISH

35. SEA HORSE

36. SHARK

37. PIRANHA

38. ANIMALS BIRDS

39. BLUE JAY

40. EAGLE

41. PENGUIN

42. OSTRICH

43. ANIMALS MAMMALS

44. BEAR

45. KILLER WHALE

46. HAIRY MAMMOTH

47. GORILLA

48. BAT

49. ANIMALS REPTILES

50. LIZARD

51. CROCODILE

52. TURTLE

53. COBRA

55. IV. MEASUREMENT

56. A. A MEASUREMENT IS A WAY OF EXPRESSING AN OBSERVATION WITH GREATER PRECISION.

57. IT PROVIDES A NUMERICAL VALUE FOR SOME PROPERTY OF THE EVENT BEING OBSERVED.

58. 1. ALL MEASUREMENT CONSISTS OF:

59. (A.) NUMERICAL VALUE

60. (B.) LABEL

61. 2. PROPERTIES THAT CAN BE MEASURED INCLUDING LENGTH, AREA, VOLUME, MASS, WEIGHT, TEMPERATURE, DENSITY, TIME, ETC.

62. B. LINEAR MEASUREMENT (OR “1 DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT”) -

63. DISTANCE BETWEEN 2 POINTS

64. 1. INSTRUMENT - RULER

65. 2. UNIT - METER

66. (A.) CENTI – 1/100 METER

67. 100 CENTIMETERS = 1 METER

68. (B.) MILLI – 1/1000 METER

69. 1000 MILLIMETERS = 1 METER

70. (C.) KILO – 1000 METERS

71. 1 KILOMETER = 1000 METERS

72. 3. USING THE MODEL BELOW, GIVE THE VALUE OF EACH DOT TO THE NEAREST TENTH OF A CENTIMETER, AND THEN CONVERT TO MILLIMETERS.

73. 4. WHAT IS THE LENGTH INDICATED BYTHE ARROW IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING PICTURES?

74. 5. MEASURE EACH LINE SEGMENT TO THE NEAREST TENTH OF A CENTIMETER, AND THEN CONVERT TO MILLIMETERS.

75. A) 4.1 cm, OR …….

76. 41.0 mm

77. (B.) 5.6 cm, OR ……..

78. 56.0 mm

79. (C.) 3.9 cm, OR …….

80. 39.0 mm

81. (D.) 6.4 cm

82. 64.0 mm

83. (E.) 1.0 cm

84. 10.0 mm

85. C. AREA (OR “2- DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT”) AMOUNT OF SURFACE SPACE

86. 1. INSTRUMENT RULER

87. 2. FORMULA A = L X W

88. 3. UNITS – “SQUARE” UNITS (A.) SQ. cm OR cm (B.) SQ. m OR m (C.) SQ km OR km

89. 4. DETERMINE THE AREA OF EACH FIGURE BELOW. (THEY HAVE BEEN DRAWN SCALE.)

90. D. VOLUME (OR “THREE-DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT” SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS THE “SIZE” OF AN OBJECT) AMOUNT OF SPACE AN OBJECT OCCUPIES

91. 1) VOLUME OF LIQUIDS

92. GRADUATED CYLINDER (A.) INSTRUMENT -

93. MILLILITERS (B.) UNITS

94. (C.)

95. (D.) WHAT IS THE VOLUME OF THE LIQUID IN THE GRADUATED CYLINDERS ILLUSTRATED BELOW?

96. 2. VOLUME OF RECTANGULAR SOLIDS

97. (A.) INTRUMENT: RULER

98. (B.) FORMULA: V = L x W x H

99. (C.) UNITS – “CUBIC” UNITS (1.) CU. cm OR cc OR cm (2.) CU. m OR m

100. (D.) 1 CUBIC CENTIMETER = 1 MILLILITER

101. (E.) DETERMINE THE VOLUME OF THE OBJECTS IN EACH ILLUSTRATION:

102. 3.VOLUME BY DISPLACEMENT

103. E. MASS THE AMOUNT OF MATTER AN OBJECT POSSESSES

104. TRIPLE BEAM BALANCE/ELECTR IC BALANCE 1. INSTRUMENT

105. 2. UNITS: (A.) GRAMS (g) (B.) KILOGRAMS (kg)

106. 3. DETERMINE THE MASS BY READING THE SCALES OF THE BEAM IN THE ILLUSTRATIONS BELOW:

107. F. WEIGHT THE AMOUNT OF GRAVITY ACTING ON AN OBJECT

108. SPRING SCALE 1. INSTRUMENT

109. (B.) ENGLISH OUNCES (oz.) POUNDS (lbs.)

110. (A.) THE AMOUNT OF MASS THE OBJECT POSSESSES. 3. FACTORS THAT CAUSE WEIGHT OR EFFECT WEIGHT:

111. (B.) THE AMOUNT OF GRAVITY ACTING ON THE OBJECT.

112. G. DENSITY CONCENTRATION OF MATTER IN AN OBJECT; RATIO OF MASS PER UNIT VOLUME

114. 1. FORMULA:

115. (A.) DENSITY OF A LIQUID GRADUATED CYLINDER + ELECTRIC BALANCE (B.) DENSITY OF A SOLID RULER 2. INSTRUMENTS:

116. (A.) g/mL (B.) g/cm 3. UNITS:

117. 4. SOLVE THE DENSITY PROBLEMS BELOW: (A.) THE DIMENSIONS OF A RECTANGULAR SOLID OBJECTS IS GIVEN AS ILLUSTRATED TO THE RIGHT. GIVEN THAT THIS OBJECT HAS A MASS OF 150 GRAMS, DETEREMINE THE DENSITY OF THE OBJECT.

119. (B.) IN THE ILLUSTRARTION TO THE RIGHT, THE MASS OF OBJECT X IS 80 GRAMS. THE VOLUME CAN BE DETERMINED BY THE CHANGE IN FLUID LEVEL. WHAT IS TH DENSITY OF OBJECT X?

120. (C.) OBJECT Y IS A PERFECT CUBE. THE DENSITY OF OBFJECT Y IS 5.5 g/cm

121. (1.) WHAT IS THE MASS OF OBJECT Y AS SHOWN BY THE POSITION OF THE BALANCE RIDERS? 2) CALCULATE THE VOLUME OF OBJECT Y. 3) SINCE OBJECT Y IS A PERFECT CUBE, DETERMINE THE LENGTH OF EACH SIDE OF THAT CUBE.

122. H. DENSITY RELATIONSHIPS

123. (A.) MODEL PROBLEM 1. DENSITY IS A RELATION TO SIZE

124. (B.) RELATIONSHIP: THE SIZE OF AN OBJECT DOES NOT DETERMINE/EFFECT ITS DENSITY

125. (C.)

126. 2. DENSITY IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE (A.) MODEL PROBLEM

127. (1.) VOLUME INCREASES (EXPANDS)

128. (2.) MASS REMAINS THE SAME

129. (3.) DENSITY DECREASES

130. (B.) RELATIONSHIP AS TEMPERATURE INCREASES, DENSITY DECREASES

131. (C.)

132. 3. DENSITY IN RELATION TO STATE MATTER (A.) MODELS PROBLEM (B.)

133. (C.) WATER HAS A MAXIMUM DENSITY AS A LIQUID

134. (D.)

135. 4. DENSITY IN RELATION TO PRESSURE (ON A GAS) (A.) MODEL PROBLEM

136. (1.) VOLUME DECREASES

137. (2.) MASS REMAINS THE SAME

138. (3.) DENSITY INCREASES

139. (B.) RELATIONSHIP: AS PRESSURE INCREASES, DENSITY INCREASES

140. (C.)

141. I. TEMPERATURE

142. AVERAGE KINETIC ENERGY OF A MATERIAL

143. 1. INSTRUMENT THERMOMETER

144. 2. UNITS – DEGREES: (A.) FAHRENHEIT (B.) CELSIUS (C.) KELVIN

145. 3. COMPLETE THE DIAGRAM BELOW BY PAGE 13 OF THE EARTH SCIENCE REFERENCE TABLES.

146. 4. TEMPERATURE CONVERSION FORMULAS: