1. THE RISE OF NAPOLEON 1799“18 th Brumaire”: Consulate supplants the Directory 1800Napoleon defeats Austria at Marengo 1801/2Concordat with Vatican; Peace of Amiens 1804 Civil Code promulgated; Napoleon becomes emperor 1805 British navy wins the Battle of Trafalgar (Oct. 21); Napoleon crushes Austria at Austerlitz (Dec. 2) 1806/7Conquest of Prussia; reorganization of Germany 1808Occupation of Spain; beginning of Peninsular Wars

2. “The 18 th Brumaire” (Nov. 9/10, 1799; see Markham, 61-64)

3. A. F. Callet, “Allegory on the 18 th Brumaire” (1800)

4. P.-J.-C. François, “Allegory of the Concordat” (1802)

5. “The First Distribution of Medals of the Legion of Honor on 14 July 1804” (painted in 1812)

6. Europe after the Peace of Amiens (1802/03)

7. James Gillray, “Boney and Talley” (1803) Napoleon has just butchered Germany (dissolved the Holy Roman Empire) and destroyed Hanover. Holland has been slaughtered on the back wall, and Spain “fleeced”, with Prussia “Put up to fatten.” Foreign Minister Talleyrand seeks to restrain the butcher from further attacks. See Markham, pp. 94-99.

8. Opening of the War of the Third Coalition (Aug-Sep 1805)

9. THE BATTLE OF AUSTERLITZ, DECEMBER 1, 1805

10. SEPTEMBER 2, 9:00 a.m.

11. The Allies lost 27,000 men & 180 cannon; the French, 9,000

12. François Gerard, “The Battle of Austerlitz, 2 December 1805” (painted in 1810)

13. H.M.S. Victory at Trafalgar, October 21, 1805

14. Napoleon enters Berlin through the Brandenburg Gate, October 1806

15. A.-J. Gros, “Napoleon on the Battlefield of Eylau, 9 February 1807” (completing the conquest of Prussia)

16. Napoleon meets Tsar Alexander I at Tilsit on the Niemen River, June 1807: Russia joined the “Continental System”

17. Goya, “The Second of May, 1808” (1814): Spaniards rebelled when Napoleon made his brother their king

18. Goya, “The Third of May, 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid” (painted in 1814)

19. See Goya’s woodcuts, DISASTERS OF WAR #2: “With Reason or Without” [Rightly or Wrongly]

20. DISASTERS #3: “The Same” [i.e., Rightly or Wrongly]: A comment on the brutality of “guerrilla war”

21. “Napoleon, Marie-Louise, and the King of Rome” (Napoleon sought legitimacy with a Habsburg bride)

22. Europe in 1812

23. The destruction of the Grande Armée in Russia, 1812

24. D.-A.-M. Raffet, “Episode on the Retreat in Russia” (1856)

25. “The East Prussian Landwehr Takes the Field in 1813”

26. The “Battle of the Nations,” Leipzig, October 16-10, 1813: 350,000 Allied troops defeated 180,000 French

27. “The Clichy Gate: The Defense of Paris, 30 March 1814” (Napoleon abdicated as 800,000 Allied troops closed in)

28. “The Return from the Island of Elba” (March 1815)

29. “The Return of the Emperor” to Paris, March 20, 1815

30. “The Field of Waterloo the Morning after the Memorable Battle” of June 18, 1815

31. “Madame Françoise and her Managers” (November 1815)

32. NAPOLEON’S ENDURING REFORMS Administrative centralization: in every department a “prefect” rules. Concordat provides for cooperation (not separation) of Church and State (repealed only in 1906). “All sales are final!” –the emigrés may return but must renounce their confiscated lands. Careers open to talent! Competitive examinations govern civil service appointments; common soldiers rise into the officer corps. The Napoleonic Code abolishes hereditary privilege but defends the authority of fathers, husbands, and employers