1. Photovoltaic Energy James Humphries Hina Imtiaz Taylor Pack Brian Oates Craig McConnell

2. Photovoltaic Energy Often Called PV or solar electricity systems Often Called PV or solar electricity systems Makes use of the abundant energy of the sun Makes use of the abundant energy of the sun Convert solar energy directly into electricity Convert solar energy directly into electricity

3. PV Array Size depends on many factors Size depends on many factors Made up of several panels called modules Made up of several panels called modules Each module consists of many individual PV cells Each module consists of many individual PV cells

4. PV Modules Can be up to several feet in length Can be up to several feet in length This particular array is made up of 6 modules This particular array is made up of 6 modules

5. PV Cells Are electricity producing devices made of semiconductor materials Are electricity producing devices made of semiconductor materials Can be many sizes and shapes Can be many sizes and shapes

6. Make Up of a PV System A complete system has an array, a battery, a controller and a load

7. Already in Use Provides power for many small consumer products Provides power for many small consumer products Used in bigger systems such as satellites, machines, and even traffic lights on highways Used in bigger systems such as satellites, machines, and even traffic lights on highways

8. Advantages and Disadvantages Of Photovoltaic Systems

9. Disadvantages Relatively High Prices ($.25-$.30kWh) Relatively High Prices ($.25-$.30kWh) Unavailable to areas that have minimal sunlight Unavailable to areas that have minimal sunlight

10. Advantages Electricity with little to no pollution Electricity with little to no pollution No limiting resource: silicon is abundant No limiting resource: silicon is abundant PV power plants’ fast assembly PV power plants’ fast assembly PV power plant in Santa Rita, CA

11. System Economics Photovoltaic Systems

12. Efficiency Location Location Natural Dependants Natural Dependants Power Input/Output Power Input/Output

13. How Big? How much power supply is needed? How much power supply is needed? Is this a constant supply? Is this a constant supply? System economics depend on how many panels are needed. System economics depend on how many panels are needed.

14. Short-Term The short term economics suck The short term economics suck High initial cost High initial cost Low output Low output

15. Long-Term Long-Term economics are more promising Long-Term economics are more promising Running costs and maintenance are extremely low Running costs and maintenance are extremely low Estimated Array Life: 30 years Estimated Array Life: 30 years

16. Solar Energy in COSTA RICA

17. Interesting Case Hydroelectric power 80% total electric power Hydroelectric power 80% total electric power Rural areas use wood fuel Rural areas use wood fuel No oil reserves – protests to drilling No oil reserves – protests to drilling Potential solar energy ~ 123 million barrels of oil Potential solar energy ~ 123 million barrels of oil

18. La Esperanza & Colas del Gallo Western Costa Rica Western Costa Rica Cost of production: $63,000 Cost of production: $63,000 Cost to extend grid: $370,000 Cost to extend grid: $370,000 Independent systems: three 13 watt light bulbs and one television Independent systems: three 13 watt light bulbs and one television

19. Water Heating Most feasible Most feasible Could replace 10% of energy usage Could replace 10% of energy usage Cost per home: $600 -700 Cost per home: $600 -700

20. Sol de Vida 1994 1994 Women’s groups involved in solar energy and sustainable energy usage Women’s groups involved in solar energy and sustainable energy usage Solar cookers Solar cookers Annual festivals Annual festivals Resources and education center Resources and education center

22. Ecotourism “Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people." “Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people." This means that those who implement and participate in ecotourism activities should follow the following principles: This means that those who implement and participate in ecotourism activities should follow the following principles:  Minimize impact  Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect  Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts  Provide direct financial benefits for conservation  Provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people  Raise sensitivity to host countries' political, environmental, and social climate  Support international human rights and labor agreements

23. Hotels and Ecotourism There is an organization of tourism based companies (mainly hotels) that have joined in the Certification for Sustainable Tourism (CST) in which they commit to environmentally friendly operations. There is an organization of tourism based companies (mainly hotels) that have joined in the Certification for Sustainable Tourism (CST) in which they commit to environmentally friendly operations.

24. Ecotourism and Solar Energy Mostly used for water hearting Mostly used for water hearting Si Como No - Manuel Antonio Si Como No - Manuel Antonio

25. Photovoltaics in Indonesia

26. West Java, Indonesia SELF – launched project in Indonesia in 1996 SELF – launched project in Indonesia in 1996 Solar panels have been installed on the roofs of homes Solar panels have been installed on the roofs of homes Recipients were required to make an initial down payment of $100.00, followed by monthly installments of $10.00 over a three and half year period. Recipients were required to make an initial down payment of $100.00, followed by monthly installments of $10.00 over a three and half year period.

27. In Conclusion