1. ‘All that is psychological is first physiological’

2.  Explain, using examples, functions of two hormones in human behaviour

4.  Explain, using examples, functions of two hormones in human behaviour 1.Oxytocin 2.Melatonin 3.Cortisol

5.  Plays role in inducing labour & lactation  Released with touches & hugs  Associated with bonding between mother & child and lovers  Research is being carried out to see whether people suffering from social anxiety may benefit from doses of oxytocin

6.  Oxytocin has been linked to trusting other people  According to evolutionary psychologists, trust is an important social tool in the relationship between humans  Learning who to trust and who to avoid is important for survival and well-being  Humans should be able to move on after betrayal if mental well-being are to be preserved  Oxytocin could play a role in reducing fear that may arise as a consequence of betrayal

7.  Investigated role of oxytocin after breaches of trust in a trust game  Participants played a trust game used by economists and psychologists to study social interaction  They recieved either oxytocin or placebo via a nasal spray  In 50% of games trust was broken  They received feedback on this from experimenters during the games

8. Placebo GroupOxytocin Group Less likely to show trust after feedback on betrayal. They invested less. Continued to invest at similar rates even after recieving feedback on a breach of trust Oxytocin could explain why people are able to restore trust and forgive in long term relationships Giving oxytocin like this in an experiment may not reflect natural physiological processes. Function of oxytocin very complex and it’s too simplistic to say it’s the “trust hormone”

9. Summarise Baumgartner et al (2008) You must include: 1.Procedure 2.Findings 3.Evaluation of study

10.  Production of melatonin stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. Correlates with circadian rhythm  Suggested that taking melatonin in the early evening may improve one’s ability to fall asleep  Through study of melatonin researchers hope to find a solution for those who suffer from insomnia and jet lag

11. Rosenthal (1987)  Evidence to suggest that higher levels of melatonin contribute to seasonal affective disorder (SAD)  Reduced levels of sunlight in autumn and winter believed to disrupt circadian rhythm is certain people leading to this depression  Perhaps why we see higher levels of SAD in Scandinavia

12.  As increased sunlight improves the symptoms, phototherapy (prolonged exposure to bright light) often main treatment for people with SAD  Despite some claims success, there is lack of definitive evidence of its effectiveness  One has to be careful about seeking quick solutions to complex questions

13. What is melatonin? What is its link with SAD? How might SAD be treated?

14.  Produced by the adrenal cortex in response to stress to restore homeostatis (the body’s normal balance)  Chronic stress may result in prolonged cortisol secretion. This can result in physiological changes such as damaged immune system and impairment of learning and memory  This is because high amounts of cortisol results in deterioration of the hippocampus (Sapolsky, 1996)

15.  Used as example for principle of BLOA “there are biological correlates of behaviour  Aim: To investigare how levels of stress hormone cortisol interfere with verbal declarative memory  Design: Randomised, controlled, double blind experiment that ran for four days  Participants: self selected sample (recruited through advertisement) of 51 normal & healthy people aged 18- 30 *double blind- neither participants nor experimenters knew which condition each participant assigned to

16.  Participants listened to a prose paragraph and had to recall is as a test of verbal declarative memory  Group 1 showed worst performance on task  Group 2 showed no memory decrease  Shows that an increase in cortisol has a negative effect on memory Group 1 (high dose)Group 2 (low dose)Group 3 (control) Tablets containing 160mg of cortisol for 4 days (equivalent to cortisol levels in blood as a consequence of major stressful event) Tablets containing 40mg of cortisol for 4 days (equivalent to cortisol levels in blood as a consequence of minor stressful event) Placebo Tablets (tablets with no active ingredient)

17.  Controlled randomised experiment so possible to establish cause and effect relationship between levels of cortisol and scores on verbal declaritive memory test  The negative effects of taking cortisol was reversible so no harm was done

18. Summarise Newcomer et al (1999) You must include: 1.Procedure 2.Findings 3.Evaluation Points